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model-based design

  • 1 model

    Ⅰ m pers. (G pl modeli a. modelów) 1. Szt. model, sitter
    - model pozował do aktu a model was posing in the nude
    2. Moda (male) model 3. pot. piece of work pot.
    - ależ z niego model! he’s a real piece of work, that one!
    Ⅱ m inanim. (G modelu, G pl modeli a. modelów) 1. (wzór do wykonania) model, pattern (czegoś of sth)
    - kursy zorganizowane według modelu uniwersytetu otwartego courses organised on the model of the Open University
    - robić obliczenia według modelu to calculate sth according to a formula
    - weź ten wykres za model use this chart as a model
    - monografia służyła za model dla innych opracowań this monograph served as a model for other studies
    2. (fason, typ) design, model
    - nowy/najnowszy/stary model the new/the latest/an old model
    - model z 1965 a 1965 model
    3. (wzorzec postępowania) model
    - tradycyjny model rodziny the traditional family model a. model of the family
    - system prawny wzorowany na modelu brytyjskim a legal system (based) on the British model
    4. (próbny egzemplarz) model, prototype 5. (schemat funkcjonowania) model
    - komputerowy model klimatu ziemi a computer model of the Earth’s climate
    6. (kopia) model, mock-up
    - model samolotu/statku/samochodu a model aeroplane/boat/car
    7. Techn. (w odlewnictwie) model, pattern
    * * *
    nom pl -e; m; gen sg -u; gen pl -i
    1) model ( osoba pozująca) gen sg -a, gen pl -i
    * * *
    mi
    Gen. -u Gen.pl. -i
    1. (= prototyp, wzór) model; (ekonomiczny, matematyczny) model.
    2. (= typ) make, brand.
    3. (= sposób) mode.
    4. metal. pattern, mold.
    mp
    Gen. -a Gen.pl. -i l. -ów
    1. sztuka (= osoba pozująca artyście) model.
    2. (= osoba uczestnicząca w pokazach mody) (fashion) model.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > model

  • 2 методология MBD

    Programming: model-based design

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > методология MBD

  • 3 проектирование с применением моделей

    Programming: model-based design

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проектирование с применением моделей

  • 4 проектирование с применением модели

    General subject: model-based design (решение проблем проектирования сложных контроллеров с использованием математического аппарата и визуальных средств - для промышленного оборудования и робототехники, авиакосмических и автомобильн)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > проектирование с применением модели

  • 5 макетный

    1. breadboard
    2. model-based

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > макетный

  • 6 método

    m.
    1 method, manner, mode, process.
    2 procedure, specific way of performing an action.
    * * *
    1 method
    2 (en pedagogía) course
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=procedimiento) method
    2) (=organización)
    3) (=manual) manual
    * * *
    masculino method
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, design, mechanism, method, tack.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.
    Ex. This helps to illustrate the methods of analysis employed by the scheme and to introduce the mechanisms of its use.
    Ex. There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.
    Ex. The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.
    ----
    * aprender por el método de ensayo y error = learn by + trial and error.
    * basado en un método empírico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * basado en un método práctico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * explorar métodos = explore + roads.
    * indizar según el método KWIC = KWIC-index.
    * método analítico = analytical method.
    * método anticonceptivo = contraceptive method.
    * método automatizado = computer-based method.
    * método basado en modelos = modelling approach [modeling approach, -USA].
    * método Cloze = Cloze method.
    * método cualitativo = qualitative method.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * método de aprendizaje = learning style, learning method.
    * método de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * método de clustering aglutinador = agglomerative clustering method.
    * método de comunicación = communication pathway.
    * método deductivo = deductive method.
    * método de enseñanza = teaching method.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * método de gestión = managerial style.
    * método de indización en cadena = chain procedure.
    * método de la coocurrencia de términos = co-word method, co-word method, co-word method.
    * método de la Inversión de la Frecuencia de los Documentos (IDF) = Inverse Document Frequency model (IDF).
    * método de la media ponderada = weighted means method.
    * método de la media sin ponderar = unweighted means method.
    * Método de la Secuencia Crítica = Critical Path Method (CPM).
    * método Delphi, el = Delphi method, the.
    * método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).
    * método de ordenación letra a letra = letter by letter method, all-through method.
    * método de ordenación palabra por palabra = word by word method, nothing before something method.
    * método de pensamiento en voz alta = thinking aloud method.
    * método de puntuación = scoring technique.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * método de Two-Poisson (2P) = Two-Poisson model (2P).
    * método docente = teaching method.
    * método escalonado = stations approach.
    * método estadístico = statistical method.
    * método inductivo = inductive method.
    * método Maze = Maze method.
    * método por simulación = simulation method, simulation approach.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.
    * * *
    masculino method
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, design, mechanism, method, tack.

    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.
    Ex: This helps to illustrate the methods of analysis employed by the scheme and to introduce the mechanisms of its use.
    Ex: There is an alternative method for the design of subject retrieval devices, and that is to build languages or schemes which depend upon some theoretical views about the nature and structure of knowledge.
    Ex: The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.
    * aprender por el método de ensayo y error = learn by + trial and error.
    * basado en un método empírico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * basado en un método práctico = enquiry-based [inquiry-based, -USA].
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * explorar métodos = explore + roads.
    * indizar según el método KWIC = KWIC-index.
    * método analítico = analytical method.
    * método anticonceptivo = contraceptive method.
    * método automatizado = computer-based method.
    * método basado en modelos = modelling approach [modeling approach, -USA].
    * método Cloze = Cloze method.
    * método cualitativo = qualitative method.
    * método de actuación = clinical practice.
    * método de aprendizaje = learning style, learning method.
    * método de búsqueda = search paradigm.
    * método de clustering aglutinador = agglomerative clustering method.
    * método de comunicación = communication pathway.
    * método deductivo = deductive method.
    * método de enseñanza = teaching method.
    * método de evaluación de un edificio en uso = post-occupancy evaluation method.
    * método de gestión = managerial style.
    * método de indización en cadena = chain procedure.
    * método de la coocurrencia de términos = co-word method, co-word method, co-word method.
    * método de la Inversión de la Frecuencia de los Documentos (IDF) = Inverse Document Frequency model (IDF).
    * método de la media ponderada = weighted means method.
    * método de la media sin ponderar = unweighted means method.
    * Método de la Secuencia Crítica = Critical Path Method (CPM).
    * método Delphi, el = Delphi method, the.
    * método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).
    * método de ordenación letra a letra = letter by letter method, all-through method.
    * método de ordenación palabra por palabra = word by word method, nothing before something method.
    * método de pensamiento en voz alta = thinking aloud method.
    * método de puntuación = scoring technique.
    * método de trabajo = working method.
    * método de Two-Poisson (2P) = Two-Poisson model (2P).
    * método docente = teaching method.
    * método escalonado = stations approach.
    * método estadístico = statistical method.
    * método inductivo = inductive method.
    * método Maze = Maze method.
    * método por simulación = simulation method, simulation approach.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * seguir un método = take + approach.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.

    * * *
    métodos de tortura methods of torture
    todos aplicaron el mismo método everyone used o employed the same method
    el mejor método para aprobar es estudiar the best way to pass is to study
    no conozco ningún método para quitar esa mancha I don't know any way of getting that stain out
    Compuestos:
    analytic method
    contraceptive method, method of contraception
    synthetic method
    B (de aprendizaje, enseñanza) method
    Compuestos:
    audiovisual method
    direct method
    C (libro de texto) course book; (manual) handbook
    D (orden) method
    trabajar/proceder con método to work/proceed methodically
    * * *

     

    método sustantivo masculino
    method;

    método sustantivo masculino
    1 method: hay varios métodos para conseguir agua, there are different ways to obtain water
    2 Educ course: ¿qué métodos tienen para enseñar inglés?, what English courses do you sell?

    ' método' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    diafragma
    - ensayar
    - innovador
    - innovadora
    - litografía
    - procedimiento
    - superada
    - superado
    - técnica
    - usar
    - aplicación
    - aplicar
    - bueno
    - clásico
    - demostrar
    - garrote
    - imaginar
    - implantar
    - ineficacia
    - ineficaz
    - infalible
    - ingeniar
    - probar
    - recomendado
    - riguroso
    - seguir
    - seguro
    - sistema
    - sistemático
    - votación
    English:
    accepted
    - employ
    - method
    - process
    - rhythm method
    - system
    - underhand
    - wasteful
    - familiarity
    * * *
    1. [sistema] method;
    no estoy de acuerdo con sus métodos de hacer las cosas I don't agree with her way of doing things o her methods
    método anticonceptivo method of contraception;
    el método (de) Ogino the rhythm method
    2. [modo ordenado] method;
    proceder con método to proceed methodically
    3. [educativo] method;
    un método de mecanografía a method of teaching typing
    * * *
    m method
    * * *
    : method
    * * *
    método n method

    Spanish-English dictionary > método

  • 7 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 8 ordenador

    adj.
    ordering.
    m.
    computer (computing). (peninsular Spanish)
    pasar algo a ordenador to type something up on a wordprocessor o computer
    ordenador central mainframe computer
    ordenador personal personal computer
    ordenador portátil laptop computer
    ordenador de sobremesa desktop computer
    * * *
    1 ordering
    2 RELIGIÓN ordaining
    1 INFORMÁTICA computer
    \
    ordenador personal personal computer
    ————————
    1 INFORMÁTICA computer
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *

    ordenador analógico — analogue computer, analog computer (EEUU)

    ordenador portátil — [gen] portable computer; [pequeño] laptop computer

    * * *
    * * *
    = computer, computer equipment.
    Ex. In dialogues based on commands, the user enters his instructions as pre-set commands; the computer recognizes theses and takes appropriate action.
    Ex. In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.
    ----
    * aceptable por el ordenador = machine-processable.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * animación por ordenador = computer animation.
    * aprendizaje asistido por ordenador (CAL) = computer-assisted learning (CAL).
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * archivo de ordenador = computer file, machine-readable data file.
    * asignado por el ordenador = computer-assigned.
    * asignado por ordenador = machine-assigned.
    * asistido por el ordenador = machine-negotiated.
    * asistido por ordenador = computer-mediated, computer-supported, computer-assisted, computer-aided.
    * calculado por el ordenador = computer-calculated.
    * carrete de ordenador = computer reel.
    * cartucho de ordenador = computer cartridge.
    * casete de ordenador = computer cassette.
    * catálogo de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * componer tipográficamente por ordenador = computer typeset.
    * composición tipográfica por ordenador = computer typesetting.
    * comunicación entre ordenadores = computer-communication.
    * comunicación mediante el ordenador = computer mediated communication (CMC).
    * conexión entre ordenadores = computer link.
    * conferencia por ordenador = computer conferencing.
    * congreso mediante ordenador = computer-mediated conferencing.
    * congreso por ordenador = computer conference.
    * controlado por ordenador = computer-controlled.
    * creado por ordenador = computer-generated.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * desplazamiento por medio del ordenador = computer commuting.
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) = computer-aided design (CAD).
    * elaborado por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced].
    * empresa de ordenadores = computer company.
    * emulación de terminales de ordenador = terminal emulation.
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador = computer-aided learning (CAL).
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador (CAI) = computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
    * enseñanza por medio del ordenador (CBI) = computer-based instruction (CBI).
    * entre ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.
    * gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.
    * gráficos por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * guardado en el ordenador = machine-stored.
    * hacer que sea procesable por el ordenador = render + machine-manipulatable.
    * imágenes por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * índice encuadernado de listado de ordenador = computer book form index.
    * interacción hombre-ordenador = human-computer interaction.
    * introducir datos en el ordenador = input.
    * introductor de datos en un ordenador = inputter.
    * juego de ordenador = computer game.
    * listado de ordenador = computer print-out.
    * listado encuadernado de ordenador = computer print-out book form, computer book.
    * MARS (Servicio de Referencia Asistido por Ordenador) = MARS (Machine Assisted Reference Service).
    * mecanógrafo de ordenador = keyboard operator.
    * mediante el ordenador = computer-mediated.
    * microforma producida por ordenador = COM (computer output microform).
    * miedo al ordenador = computer anxiety.
    * modelo por ordenador = computer model.
    * monitor de ordenador = CRT screen, CRT display screen.
    * ordenación por ordenador = computer filing.
    * ordenador central = central computer, host computer.
    * ordenador compatible = generic computer.
    * ordenador de bolsillo = palm-sized computer, palmtop, palmtop computer.
    * ordenador de mano = Palm Pilot.
    * ordenador de seguridad = firewall.
    * ordenador de sobremesa = desktop computer.
    * ordenador digital = digital computer.
    * Ordenadores Apple = Apple Computer.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * ordenador frontal = head-end computer.
    * ordenador personal = desktop computer, home computer.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * ordenador portátil = notebook computer, laptop, laptop computer.
    * ordenador trampa = honeypot.
    * orientado al ordenador = machine-oriented, computer-oriented.
    * paquete de programas de ordenador = software package.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * PC IBM (Ordenador personal IBM) = IBM-PC (IBM Personal Computer).
    * plataforma de ordenador = computing platform.
    * presentación mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * prestaciones del ordenador = computer's capabilities.
    * procesable por el ordenador = machine-manipulatable.
    * producido por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced], machine-derived.
    * programa de ordenador = computer programme.
    * proyección mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * reinicializar un ordenador = reboot + computer.
    * simulación por ordenador = computer simulation.
    * tarjeta de ordenador = computer card.
    * tecnología del ordenador = computer technology.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * teleconferencia por ordenador = computer teleconferencing.
    * teleordenador = telecomputer.
    * terminal de ordenador = terminal, computer terminal.
    * tiempo durante el cual el ordenador no está disponible al público = down time.
    * tomografía por ordenador = computer tomography, computed tomography.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * traducción asistida por ordenador = computer-aided translation (CAT), computer-assisted translation (CAT).
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.
    * utilizar el ordenador = operate + computer.
    * volver a insertar en el ordenador = rekey [re-key].
    * * *
    * * *
    = computer, computer equipment.

    Ex: In dialogues based on commands, the user enters his instructions as pre-set commands; the computer recognizes theses and takes appropriate action.

    Ex: In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.
    * aceptable por el ordenador = machine-processable.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * animación por ordenador = computer animation.
    * aprendizaje asistido por ordenador (CAL) = computer-assisted learning (CAL).
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * archivo de ordenador = computer file, machine-readable data file.
    * asignado por el ordenador = computer-assigned.
    * asignado por ordenador = machine-assigned.
    * asistido por el ordenador = machine-negotiated.
    * asistido por ordenador = computer-mediated, computer-supported, computer-assisted, computer-aided.
    * calculado por el ordenador = computer-calculated.
    * carrete de ordenador = computer reel.
    * cartucho de ordenador = computer cartridge.
    * casete de ordenador = computer cassette.
    * catálogo de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * componer tipográficamente por ordenador = computer typeset.
    * composición tipográfica por ordenador = computer typesetting.
    * comunicación entre ordenadores = computer-communication.
    * comunicación mediante el ordenador = computer mediated communication (CMC).
    * conexión entre ordenadores = computer link.
    * conferencia por ordenador = computer conferencing.
    * congreso mediante ordenador = computer-mediated conferencing.
    * congreso por ordenador = computer conference.
    * controlado por ordenador = computer-controlled.
    * creado por ordenador = computer-generated.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * desplazamiento por medio del ordenador = computer commuting.
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) = computer-aided design (CAD).
    * elaborado por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced].
    * empresa de ordenadores = computer company.
    * emulación de terminales de ordenador = terminal emulation.
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador = computer-aided learning (CAL).
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador (CAI) = computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
    * enseñanza por medio del ordenador (CBI) = computer-based instruction (CBI).
    * entre ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.
    * gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.
    * gráficos por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * guardado en el ordenador = machine-stored.
    * hacer que sea procesable por el ordenador = render + machine-manipulatable.
    * imágenes por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * índice encuadernado de listado de ordenador = computer book form index.
    * interacción hombre-ordenador = human-computer interaction.
    * introducir datos en el ordenador = input.
    * introductor de datos en un ordenador = inputter.
    * juego de ordenador = computer game.
    * listado de ordenador = computer print-out.
    * listado encuadernado de ordenador = computer print-out book form, computer book.
    * MARS (Servicio de Referencia Asistido por Ordenador) = MARS (Machine Assisted Reference Service).
    * mecanógrafo de ordenador = keyboard operator.
    * mediante el ordenador = computer-mediated.
    * microforma producida por ordenador = COM (computer output microform).
    * miedo al ordenador = computer anxiety.
    * modelo por ordenador = computer model.
    * monitor de ordenador = CRT screen, CRT display screen.
    * ordenación por ordenador = computer filing.
    * ordenador central = central computer, host computer.
    * ordenador compatible = generic computer.
    * ordenador de bolsillo = palm-sized computer, palmtop, palmtop computer.
    * ordenador de mano = Palm Pilot.
    * ordenador de seguridad = firewall.
    * ordenador de sobremesa = desktop computer.
    * ordenador digital = digital computer.
    * Ordenadores Apple = Apple Computer.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * ordenador frontal = head-end computer.
    * ordenador personal = desktop computer, home computer.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * ordenador portátil = notebook computer, laptop, laptop computer.
    * ordenador trampa = honeypot.
    * orientado al ordenador = machine-oriented, computer-oriented.
    * paquete de programas de ordenador = software package.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * PC IBM (Ordenador personal IBM) = IBM-PC (IBM Personal Computer).
    * plataforma de ordenador = computing platform.
    * presentación mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * prestaciones del ordenador = computer's capabilities.
    * procesable por el ordenador = machine-manipulatable.
    * producido por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced], machine-derived.
    * programa de ordenador = computer programme.
    * proyección mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * reinicializar un ordenador = reboot + computer.
    * simulación por ordenador = computer simulation.
    * tarjeta de ordenador = computer card.
    * tecnología del ordenador = computer technology.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * teleconferencia por ordenador = computer teleconferencing.
    * teleordenador = telecomputer.
    * terminal de ordenador = terminal, computer terminal.
    * tiempo durante el cual el ordenador no está disponible al público = down time.
    * tomografía por ordenador = computer tomography, computed tomography.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * traducción asistida por ordenador = computer-aided translation (CAT), computer-assisted translation (CAT).
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.
    * utilizar el ordenador = operate + computer.
    * volver a insertar en el ordenador = rekey [re-key].

    * * *
    ( Esp)
    computer
    Compuestos:
    central computer
    onboard computer
    palmtop
    palmtop
    ● ordenador de sobremesa or de mesa
    desktop computer
    home computer
    neural computer
    server
    personal computer
    portable computer; (más pequeño) laptop computer
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    ordenador    
    ordeñador
    ordenador sustantivo masculino (Esp) See Also→

    ordenador sustantivo masculino computer: estudia diseño asistido por ordenador, she's taking a class in computer-aided design (CAD); ordenador portátil, laptop computer

    ' ordenador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actualizar
    - cargarse
    - cerrar
    - colgarse
    - comprar
    - de
    - desarrollar
    - dichosa
    - dichoso
    - escribir
    - espaciador
    - ficha
    - garantía
    - inexperta
    - inexperto
    - manual
    - marchar
    - portátil
    - risa
    - sobremesa
    - teclado
    - teclear
    - terminar
    - uso
    - velocidad
    English:
    afford
    - CAD
    - computer
    - computer language
    - computer-assisted
    - data processor
    - delete
    - desktop
    - dinosaur
    - down
    - exclusively
    - function
    - good
    - innards
    - instruction
    - keep
    - key
    - laptop
    - longhand
    - notebook
    - pc
    - personal computer
    - printout
    - retrofit
    - upgrade
    - compatible
    - main
    - personal
    * * *
    Esp computer;
    pasar algo a ordenador to key sth up (on a computer)
    ordenador analógico analogue computer;
    ordenador de a bordo onboard computer;
    ordenador central central computer;
    ordenador compatible compatible computer;
    ordenador digital digital computer;
    ordenador doméstico home computer;
    ordenador personal personal computer;
    ordenador portátil laptop computer;
    ordenador de sobremesa desktop computer
    * * *
    m Esp
    INFOR computer;
    asistido por ordenador computer-aided
    * * *
    ordenador nm, Spain : computer
    * * *
    ordenador n computer

    Spanish-English dictionary > ordenador

  • 9 forma

    f.
    1 shape, form (figura).
    en forma de in the shape of
    en forma de L L-shaped
    tener forma ovalada o de óvalo to be oval in shape
    formas figure, curves (silueta)
    2 way, manner (manera).
    se puede hacer de varias formas it can be done in several different ways
    ¡qué forma de llover! it's absolutely pouring down!
    de cualquier forma, de todas formas anyway, in any case
    de esta forma in this way
    forma de pago method of payment
    forma de ser: es su forma de ser that's just the way he is
    3 form.
    la fotografía es una forma de arte photography is an art form
    formas de vida life forms
    4 form (no fondo).
    forma y fondo form and content
    5 host (religion).
    6 form (formulario). (Mexican Spanish)
    7 kind, form.
    8 aspect, semblance, appearance.
    9 cast.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: formar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: formar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) form, shape
    2 (manera) way
    3 DEPORTE form
    1 (modales) manners, social conventions
    \
    de esta forma in this way
    de forma que so that
    de todas formas anyway, in any case
    estar en baja forma to be off form
    estar en forma to be in shape, be fit
    ponerse en forma to get fit
    buenas formas good manners
    forma de pago method of payment
    forma física physical fitness
    la Sagrada Forma the Host
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) form, shape
    2) manner, way
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=figura) shape

    • nubes de humo con forma de hongo — mushroom-shaped clouds of smoke

    • dar forma a — [+ objeto, joya] to shape; [+ idea, teoría] to give shape to

    • en forma de U — U-shaped

    • tomar forma — to take shape

    2) (=modo) way

    • de forma directa/inmediata/natural — directly/immediately/naturally

    el plan entrará en vigor de forma inmediata — the plan will take immediate effect, the plan will take effect immediately

    • de esta forma — [gen] in this way; (=por consecuencia) thus

    queremos controlar los costes y, de esta forma, evitar reducir la plantilla — we want to bring down costs and thus avoid having to downsize

    • de todas formas — anyway, in any case

    pero de todas formas te agradezco que me lo hayas dicho — but thank you for letting me know anyway, but in any case thank you for letting me know

    forma de pago — method of payment, form of payment

    forma de ser, es mi forma de ser — that's how I am, that's the way I am

    3)

    • de forma que — (=en un modo que) in such a way as, so as; (=por eso) so that

    el número de socios fue creciendo cada año, de forma que en 1989 eran ya varios miles — the number of members grew every year, so that o such that by 1989 there were several thousand

    • de tal forma que — (=en un modo que) in such a way that; (=tanto que) so much that; (=por eso) so that

    su padre era italiano y su madre polaca, de tal forma que él siempre se ha sentido europeo — his father was Italian and his mother Polish, so (that) he has always felt himself to be European

    4) (tb: forma física) fitness, form

    el jugador ha recuperado su forma física — the player is fit again, the player has regained fitness o form

    • estar en (buena) forma — [para hacer deporte] to be fit, be in good shape; [para realizar otra actividad] to be in (good) form

    estar en baja forma — (lit) to be not fully fit; (fig) to be in bad shape

    5) (=aspecto externo) form

    es pura forma — it's just for the sake of form, it's a mere formality

    • defecto de forma — (Jur) technicality

    6) pl formas [femeninas] figure sing
    7) pl formas [sociales] appearances

    • guardar o mantener las formas — to keep up appearances

    8) (Rel)

    • la Sagrada Forma — the Host

    9) (=molde) (Téc) mould, mold (EEUU); [de zapatero] last; [de sombrero] hatter's block; (Tip) forme, form (EEUU)
    10) (Ling) [del verbo] form
    11) (Tip) (=formato) format
    12) LAm
    *

    • en forma, una fiesta en forma — a proper party, a blowout *

    13) Méx form
    see MANERA, FORMA, MODO
    * * *
    1)
    a) (contorno, apariencia) shape

    dar forma a algo — ( al barro) to shape something; ( a proyecto) to give shape to something

    b) (tipo, modalidad) form
    2) (Lit) (de una novela, obra) form; (Fil) form
    3) (Ling) form
    4) (Dep, Med)

    estar/mantenerse en forma — to be/keep fit

    en forma — (AmL fam)

    nos divertimos en forma — (AmL fam) we had a really good time

    5) (manera, modo) way

    de forma que — (frml) in such a way that

    de cualquier forma or de todas formas — anyway, in any case

    6) formas femenino plural
    a) ( de mujer) figure
    b) ( apariencias) appearances (pl)
    7) (Méx) ( formulario) form
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], form, guise, means, mode, shape, way, mould [mold, -USA], shaping, complexion, manner, fashion.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex. In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex. Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex. If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. The two moulds, which were twins, were oblong wire sieves mounted on wooden frames, and the deckle was a removable wooden rim which could be fitted to either mould to make it into a tray-like sieve with a raised edge.
    Ex. The process of shaping the scientific and technical propaganda into a legitimate specialisation is described.
    Ex. These documents contain the Commission's sentiments on how policy should be evolved in particular sectors and what complexion it should take = Estos documentos contienen el sentir de la Comisión de cómo debería desarrollarse la política en sectores concretos y qué cariz debería tomar.
    Ex. City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex. It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    ----
    * acabar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * actuar de forma negligente = be remiss.
    * adoptar forma = take + shape.
    * adoptar la forma de = take + form, take + the form of, come in + the form of.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * asumir una forma = assume + form.
    * botón en forma de palo = toggle fastener.
    * buena forma física = fitness, physical fitness.
    * buscar la forma de = look for + ways to.
    * buscar la forma de + Infinitivo = develop + way of + Gerundio.
    * buscar una forma de hacer (algo) = develop + way + to make + Nombre.
    * caer en forma de cascada = cascade.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * catálogo encuadernado en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de álbum = guard (book) catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado = computer print-out catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * concepto de forma = form concept.
    * con forma de castillo = castellated.
    * con forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * con forma de pelo = hair-like.
    * con forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * con forma de pirámide = trihedral, pyramidal-shaped.
    * con forma de tetraedro = trihedral.
    * con forma de U = U-shaped.
    * con forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * dar cuerpo y forma a = lend + substance and form to.
    * dar forma = become + cast, give + shape, shape, mould [mold, -USA], inform.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.
    * de alguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.
    * de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.
    * de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de forma = in form.
    * de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.
    * de forma adecuada = adequately, appropriately.
    * de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de forma anónima = anonymously.
    * de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma apreciable = markedly.
    * de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma audible = audibly.
    * de forma autónoma = autonomously.
    * de forma caprichosa = capriciously.
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * de forma colegiada = collegially.
    * de forma combinada = in combination.
    * de forma competitiva = competitively.
    * de forma complementaria = complimentarily.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de forma considerable = considerably.
    * de forma continuada = continuously.
    * de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.
    * de forma deductiva = deductively.
    * de forma desastrosa = disastrously.
    * de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de forma digital = digitally.
    * de forma divertida = funnily.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de forma errática = erratically.
    * de forma escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de forma especulativa = speculatively.
    * de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.
    * de forma exquisita = exquisitely.
    * de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma federal = federally.
    * de forma general = widely, bulk.
    * de forma global = holistically.
    * de forma graciosa = funnily.
    * de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].
    * de forma heurística = heuristically.
    * de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.
    * de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.
    * de forma indirecta = circuitous route.
    * de forma inesperada = like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.
    * de forma innata = innately.
    * de forma irregular = erratically.
    * de forma lamentable = miserably.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de forma mágica = magically.
    * de forma mecánica = mechanically.
    * de forma mordaz = pungently.
    * de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma negativa = in a negative light.
    * de forma neutral = neutrally.
    * de forma notoria = markedly.
    * de forma óptima = optimally.
    * de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.
    * de forma poco ética = unethically.
    * de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.
    * de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.
    * de forma práctica = pragmatically.
    * de forma precisa = precisely.
    * de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.
    * de forma que = in ways that.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma recíproca = reciprocally.
    * de forma regular = regularly.
    * de forma rentable = cost-effectively.
    * de forma ridícula = grotesquely.
    * de forma saludable = healthily.
    * de forma sana = healthily.
    * de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.
    * de forma sublime = subliminally.
    * de forma suscinta = in brief.
    * de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.
    * de forma tosca = in crude form.
    * de forma trágica = tragically.
    * de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * de la forma más fácil = the easy way .
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma forma que = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as), in much the same way as.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna forma = in any way at all.
    * de ninguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de otra forma = in any other way.
    * describir de forma general = outline.
    * de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.
    * de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.
    * de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.
    * de una forma = in a fashion.
    * de una forma + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + manner.
    * de una forma ambigua = ambiguously.
    * de una forma brillante = brilliantly.
    * de una forma deplorable = execrably.
    * de una forma fácil = easily.
    * de una forma hábil = skilfully [skillfully, -USA].
    * de una forma intangible = intangibly.
    * de una forma lógica = logically.
    * de una forma monstruosa = monstrously.
    * de una forma organizada = in an organised fashion.
    * de una forma rápida = quickly.
    * de una forma relativamente + Nombre = relatively + Adverbio.
    * de una forma simple = in a simple manner, simply.
    * de una forma tautológica = tautologically.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one way or another, one way or another, in one form or another.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * dispuesto de forma uniforme = regimented.
    * división de forma = form division.
    * edificio en forma de cubo = cubic building.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * encabezamiento de forma = form heading.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en mala forma = in bad nick.
    * en plena forma = in peak condition, in tip-top form, in tip-top condition.
    * en su forma más básica = at its most basic.
    * entintar la forma = beat + the forme.
    * entrada de forma = form entry.
    * estar en forma = be in shape, be in good shape.
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * faceta de forma = Form facet.
    * forma adjetival = adjectival form.
    * forma artística = art form.
    * forma de actuar = discourse.
    * forma de comportamiento = mode of behaviour, way of conduct.
    * forma de conducta = mode of conduct, way of conduct.
    * forma de conseguir algo = lever.
    * forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.
    * forma de escribir = writing style.
    * forma de evitar Algo = way round + Algo.
    * forma de evitar una dificultad = way (a)round + difficulty.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * forma de expresión = way of expression, mode of expression.
    * forma de funcionar = business model.
    * forma de hablar = manner of speaking.
    * forma de hacer papel = paper mould.
    * forma de impresión = composing frame, forme, plate, frame.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * forma de pago = form of payment.
    * forma de papel vitela = wove mould.
    * forma de pensar = thinking, belief system, set of opinions, mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * forma de presentación = form of presentation.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * forma de un solo fondo = single-faced mould.
    * forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.
    * forma de ver las cosas = way of putting things together, bent of mind.
    * forma de vida = way of life.
    * forma excelente = commanding form.
    * forma física = physical form, physical condition, physical shape.
    * forma flexionada = inflected form.
    * forma geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * forma impresa = hard copy [hardcopy].
    * forma intelectual = intellectual form.
    * forma manual = hand mould.
    * forma nominal = noun form.
    * forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.
    * ganar de forma abrumadora = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.
    * ganar de forma aplastante = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down, win by + a landslide.
    * ganar de forma arrolladora = win by + a landslide.
    * guardar las formas = keep up + appearances.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.
    * la forma de = ways and means (of/for/to/in/by).
    * la forma de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.
    * la mejor forma de hacer Algo = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay forma de que = for the life of me.
    * ofrecer una forma de = provide + a way of/to.
    * orientado hacia la forma = form-oriented.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * participar de una forma activa = become + involved.
    * pensar de forma creativa = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * poner en forma = buff up.
    * ponerse en forma = get + fit.
    * ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * sentirse en plena forma = feel + tip-top.
    * ser la forma abreviada de = be short for.
    * ser la forma de = be a recipe for.
    * ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.
    * ser una forma de = provide + a way of/to.
    * sin forma = bodilessly, formless.
    * sugerir la forma de = suggest + way in which.
    * tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.
    * terminar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.
    * una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.
    * volver a dar forma = reshape [re-shape].
    * * *
    1)
    a) (contorno, apariencia) shape

    dar forma a algo — ( al barro) to shape something; ( a proyecto) to give shape to something

    b) (tipo, modalidad) form
    2) (Lit) (de una novela, obra) form; (Fil) form
    3) (Ling) form
    4) (Dep, Med)

    estar/mantenerse en forma — to be/keep fit

    en forma — (AmL fam)

    nos divertimos en forma — (AmL fam) we had a really good time

    5) (manera, modo) way

    de forma que — (frml) in such a way that

    de cualquier forma or de todas formas — anyway, in any case

    6) formas femenino plural
    a) ( de mujer) figure
    b) ( apariencias) appearances (pl)
    7) (Méx) ( formulario) form
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], form, guise, means, mode, shape, way, mould [mold, -USA], shaping, complexion, manner, fashion.

    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

    Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex: In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex: The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex: Various modes of operation are possible for such a journal, and the precise operation will depend upon the type of information being conveyed.
    Ex: If the book has an unusual shape then both the height and the width of the book will be given.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: The two moulds, which were twins, were oblong wire sieves mounted on wooden frames, and the deckle was a removable wooden rim which could be fitted to either mould to make it into a tray-like sieve with a raised edge.
    Ex: The process of shaping the scientific and technical propaganda into a legitimate specialisation is described.
    Ex: These documents contain the Commission's sentiments on how policy should be evolved in particular sectors and what complexion it should take = Estos documentos contienen el sentir de la Comisión de cómo debería desarrollarse la política en sectores concretos y qué cariz debería tomar.
    Ex: City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex: It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    * acabar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * actuar de forma negligente = be remiss.
    * adoptar forma = take + shape.
    * adoptar la forma de = take + form, take + the form of, come in + the form of.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * asumir una forma = assume + form.
    * botón en forma de palo = toggle fastener.
    * buena forma física = fitness, physical fitness.
    * buscar la forma de = look for + ways to.
    * buscar la forma de + Infinitivo = develop + way of + Gerundio.
    * buscar una forma de hacer (algo) = develop + way + to make + Nombre.
    * caer en forma de cascada = cascade.
    * cambiar de forma = shape-shift.
    * cambiar de forma de vivir = turn + Posesivo + life around.
    * catálogo encuadernado en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de álbum = guard (book) catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado = computer print-out catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * concepto de forma = form concept.
    * con forma de castillo = castellated.
    * con forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * con forma de pelo = hair-like.
    * con forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * con forma de pirámide = trihedral, pyramidal-shaped.
    * con forma de tetraedro = trihedral.
    * con forma de U = U-shaped.
    * con forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * dar cuerpo y forma a = lend + substance and form to.
    * dar forma = become + cast, give + shape, shape, mould [mold, -USA], inform.
    * dar nueva forma = reformat [re-format].
    * de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.
    * de alguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.
    * de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.
    * de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de forma = in form.
    * de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.
    * de forma adecuada = adequately, appropriately.
    * de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de forma anónima = anonymously.
    * de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.
    * de forma apreciable = markedly.
    * de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.
    * de forma audible = audibly.
    * de forma autónoma = autonomously.
    * de forma caprichosa = capriciously.
    * de forma clara = clearly.
    * de forma colegiada = collegially.
    * de forma combinada = in combination.
    * de forma competitiva = competitively.
    * de forma complementaria = complimentarily.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de forma considerable = considerably.
    * de forma continuada = continuously.
    * de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.
    * de forma deductiva = deductively.
    * de forma desastrosa = disastrously.
    * de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de forma digital = digitally.
    * de forma divertida = funnily.
    * de forma económica = cost-effectively.
    * de forma errática = erratically.
    * de forma escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de forma especulativa = speculatively.
    * de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.
    * de forma exquisita = exquisitely.
    * de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma federal = federally.
    * de forma general = widely, bulk.
    * de forma global = holistically.
    * de forma graciosa = funnily.
    * de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.
    * de forma grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].
    * de forma heurística = heuristically.
    * de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.
    * de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.
    * de forma indirecta = circuitous route.
    * de forma inesperada = like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.
    * de forma innata = innately.
    * de forma irregular = erratically.
    * de forma lamentable = miserably.
    * de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de forma mágica = magically.
    * de forma mecánica = mechanically.
    * de forma mordaz = pungently.
    * de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de forma negativa = in a negative light.
    * de forma neutral = neutrally.
    * de forma notoria = markedly.
    * de forma óptima = optimally.
    * de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.
    * de forma poco ética = unethically.
    * de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.
    * de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.
    * de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.
    * de forma práctica = pragmatically.
    * de forma precisa = precisely.
    * de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.
    * de forma que = in ways that.
    * de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.
    * de forma rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de forma recíproca = reciprocally.
    * de forma regular = regularly.
    * de forma rentable = cost-effectively.
    * de forma ridícula = grotesquely.
    * de forma saludable = healthily.
    * de forma sana = healthily.
    * de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.
    * de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.
    * de forma sublime = subliminally.
    * de forma suscinta = in brief.
    * de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.
    * de forma tosca = in crude form.
    * de forma trágica = tragically.
    * de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * de la forma más fácil = the easy way.
    * de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma forma que = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as), in much the same way as.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna forma = in any way at all.
    * de ninguna otra forma = in any other way.
    * de nuevas formas = in new ways.
    * de otra forma = in any other way.
    * describir de forma general = outline.
    * de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.
    * de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.
    * de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.
    * de una forma = in a fashion.
    * de una forma + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + manner.
    * de una forma ambigua = ambiguously.
    * de una forma brillante = brilliantly.
    * de una forma deplorable = execrably.
    * de una forma fácil = easily.
    * de una forma hábil = skilfully [skillfully, -USA].
    * de una forma intangible = intangibly.
    * de una forma lógica = logically.
    * de una forma monstruosa = monstrously.
    * de una forma organizada = in an organised fashion.
    * de una forma rápida = quickly.
    * de una forma relativamente + Nombre = relatively + Adverbio.
    * de una forma simple = in a simple manner, simply.
    * de una forma tautológica = tautologically.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one way or another, one way or another, in one form or another.
    * de una nueva forma = in a new way.
    * dispuesto de forma uniforme = regimented.
    * división de forma = form division.
    * edificio en forma de cubo = cubic building.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * encabezamiento de forma = form heading.
    * encontrar la forma de = devise + ways.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en mala forma = in bad nick.
    * en plena forma = in peak condition, in tip-top form, in tip-top condition.
    * en su forma más básica = at its most basic.
    * entintar la forma = beat + the forme.
    * entrada de forma = form entry.
    * estar en forma = be in shape, be in good shape.
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * faceta de forma = Form facet.
    * forma adjetival = adjectival form.
    * forma artística = art form.
    * forma de actuar = discourse.
    * forma de comportamiento = mode of behaviour, way of conduct.
    * forma de conducta = mode of conduct, way of conduct.
    * forma de conseguir algo = lever.
    * forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.
    * forma de escribir = writing style.
    * forma de evitar Algo = way round + Algo.
    * forma de evitar una dificultad = way (a)round + difficulty.
    * forma de evitar un problema = way round + problem.
    * forma de expresión = way of expression, mode of expression.
    * forma de funcionar = business model.
    * forma de hablar = manner of speaking.
    * forma de hacer papel = paper mould.
    * forma de impresión = composing frame, forme, plate, frame.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * forma de pago = form of payment.
    * forma de papel vitela = wove mould.
    * forma de pensar = thinking, belief system, set of opinions, mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * forma de presentación = form of presentation.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * forma de un solo fondo = single-faced mould.
    * forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.
    * forma de ver las cosas = way of putting things together, bent of mind.
    * forma de vida = way of life.
    * forma excelente = commanding form.
    * forma física = physical form, physical condition, physical shape.
    * forma flexionada = inflected form.
    * forma geométrica = geometric shape, geometric pattern.
    * forma impresa = hard copy [hardcopy].
    * forma intelectual = intellectual form.
    * forma manual = hand mould.
    * forma nominal = noun form.
    * forma para papel verjurado = laid mould.
    * ganar de forma abrumadora = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.
    * ganar de forma aplastante = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down, win by + a landslide.
    * ganar de forma arrolladora = win by + a landslide.
    * guardar las formas = keep up + appearances.
    * indicar las formas (de/en que) = point to + ways (of/in which).
    * la forma correcta de hacer las cosas = the way to go.
    * la forma de = ways and means (of/for/to/in/by).
    * la forma de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la forma de ver las cosas = the way + to see things.
    * la mejor forma de hacer Algo = lessons learned [lessons learnt].
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay forma de que = for the life of me.
    * ofrecer una forma de = provide + a way of/to.
    * orientado hacia la forma = form-oriented.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * participar de una forma activa = become + involved.
    * pensar de forma creativa = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * poner en forma = buff up.
    * ponerse en forma = get + fit.
    * ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].
    * sentirse en plena forma = feel + tip-top.
    * ser la forma abreviada de = be short for.
    * ser la forma de = be a recipe for.
    * ser mirado de forma extraña = get + some funny looks.
    * ser una forma de = provide + a way of/to.
    * sin forma = bodilessly, formless.
    * sugerir la forma de = suggest + way in which.
    * tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.
    * terminar de forma positiva = end + Nombre + on a high (note).
    * tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.
    * una buena forma de empezar = a good way to start.
    * volver a dar forma = reshape [re-shape].

    * * *
    A
    1 (contorno, apariencia) shape
    tiene forma circular it's circular (in shape)
    en forma de cruz in the shape of a cross
    tiene la forma de un platillo it's the shape of a saucer o it's saucer-shaped
    los tenemos de todas formas y tamaños we have them in all shapes and sizes
    el alfarero da forma al barro the potter shapes the clay
    finalmente logró dar forma a sus proyectos he finally managed to give some shape to his plans
    el suéter ha cogido la forma de la percha the sweater's been stretched out of shape by the coat hanger
    el príncipe tomó la forma de una rana the prince turned into a frog
    la escultura/el proyecto está empezando a tomar forma the sculpture/plan is beginning to take shape
    2 (tipo, modalidad) form
    la discriminación no puede ser tolerada bajo ninguna de sus formas discrimination cannot be tolerated in any shape or form
    las distintas formas de vida animal the different forms of animal life
    el medicamento se presenta en forma de supositorios y de comprimidos the medicine comes in suppository or tablet form
    B
    1 ( Lit) (de una novela, obra) form
    fondo y forma form and content
    2 ( Der):
    3 ( Fil) form
    C ( Ling) form
    la forma singular the singular (form)
    D ( Dep, Med):
    estar/mantenerse en forma to be/keep fit
    esta temporada está en baja forma this season he's off form o he's not in good form
    me siento en plena forma I feel on top form
    en forma ( AmL fam): una comida en forma a good square meal ( colloq)
    hoy nos divertimos en forma we had a terrific o fantastic time today
    metiste la pata en (gran) forma you really put your foot in it ( colloq)
    E (manera, modo) way
    es su forma de ser it's just his way, it's just the way he is
    no me gusta nada su forma de organizar las cosas I don't like his way of organizing things at all
    ¡qué forma de gritar, ni que estuviese sorda! there's no need to shout, I'm not deaf!
    así no hay forma de entenderse we'll never get anywhere like this
    lo hizo de forma que él no se enterase ( frml); she did it in such a way that he would not find out
    Compuesto:
    form o method of payment
    2 (apariencias) appearances (pl)
    en público siempre guardan or cubren las formas they always keep up appearances in public
    G ( Méx) (formulario) form
    * * *

     

    Del verbo formar: ( conjugate formar)

    forma es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    forma    
    formar
    forma sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (contorno, apariencia) shape;


    tiene la forma de un platillo it's the shape of a saucer;
    dar forma a algo ( al barro) to shape sth;

    ( a proyecto) to give shape to sth
    b) (tipo, modalidad) form;


    forma de pago form o method of payment
    2 (Dep, Med):

    está en baja forma he's not on form;
    en plena forma on top form;
    en forma: nos divertimos en forma we had a really good time
    3 (manera, modo) way;

    ¡vaya forma de conducir! what a way to drive!;
    forma de vida way of life;
    de forma distinta differently;
    de cualquier forma or de todas formas anyway, in any case
    4
    ◊ formas sustantivo femenino plural




    5 (Méx) ( formulario) form
    formar ( conjugate formar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( crear) ‹círculo/figura› to make, form;

    ‹asociación/gobierno› to form, set up;
    ‹ barricada› to set up;
    ◊ ¡formen parejas! ( en clase) get into pairs o twos!;


    ( en baile) take your partners!
    b) (Ling) to form

    c) (Mil) ‹ tropas› to have … fall in

    2 ( componer) to make up;

    forma parte de algo to be part of sth, to belong to sth
    3 ‹carácter/espíritu› to form, shape
    4 ( educar) to bring up;
    ( para trabajo) to train
    verbo intransitivo (Mil) to fall in
    formarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) (hacerse, crearse) [grupo/organismo] to form;

    ◊ se formó una cola a line (AmE) o (BrE) queue formed

    b) ( desarrollarse) [niño/huesos] to develop

    c) ‹idea/opinión› to form

    2 ( educarse) to be educated;
    ( para trabajo) to be trained
    forma sustantivo femenino
    1 form, shape: una vasija en forma de campana, a bell-shaped vessel
    2 (modo) way: hazlo de otra forma do it another way
    no hay forma de probarlo, there's no way to prove it
    forma de pago, method of payment
    3 Dep form: está en baja forma, she's off form
    me mantengo en forma, I keep fit 4 formas, (modales) manners
    guardar las formas, to keep up appearances
    ♦ Locuciones: de forma que, so that
    de todas formas, anyway, in any case
    formar verbo transitivo
    1 to form
    2 (criar) to bring up
    (instruir) to educate, train
    ' forma' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - acento
    - aerodinámica
    - aerodinámico
    - amorfa
    - amorfo
    - anacrónica
    - anacrónico
    - borla
    - cerrada
    - cerrado
    - circular
    - congruente
    - cónica
    - cónico
    - corpórea
    - corpóreo
    - defraudar
    - diferente
    - ser
    - escribano
    - estrafalaria
    - estrafalario
    - estrechamiento
    - estrellada
    - estrellado
    - formalmente
    - herida
    - histriónica
    - histriónico
    - imitar
    - inicua
    - inicuo
    - ladrón
    - ladrona
    - mercenaria
    - mercenario
    - modo
    - óptica
    - oscurecer
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - política
    - redonda
    - redondo
    - sambenito
    - tallar
    - tela
    - tener
    - Tiro
    English:
    A
    - agenda
    - agree
    - alternately
    - amusing
    - an
    - and
    - angular
    - anyhow
    - arrange
    - as
    - attuned to
    - be
    - begin
    - best
    - blend
    - circle
    - crescent
    - cupcake
    - day
    - deny
    - diamond
    - disgusting
    - do
    - enjoy
    - expect
    - expedient
    - faint
    - figure
    - fish
    - fit
    - fitness
    - form
    - freeware
    - from
    - go
    - heart-shaped
    - hexagon
    - jelly baby
    - jelly bean
    - Jerkily
    - keep
    - kidney shaped
    - lack
    - lie
    - manner
    - mister
    - must
    - parcel
    - pear-shaped
    * * *
    forma nf
    1. [figura] shape, form;
    ¿qué forma tiene? what shape is it?;
    en forma de triángulo in the shape of a triangle;
    en forma de L L-shaped;
    el escultor dio forma al barro the sculptor shaped the clay;
    tener forma ovalada o [m5] de óvalo to be oval (in shape);
    el proyecto comienza a tomar forma the project is starting to take shape
    2. [manera] way, manner;
    tiene una forma de hablar muy divertida she has a very funny way of talking;
    no ha habido forma de localizarlo it was impossible to find him;
    se puede hacer de varias formas it can be done in several different ways;
    lo siento, es mi forma de ser I'm sorry, that's just the way I am o that's just my way;
    ¡qué forma de llover! it's absolutely pouring down!;
    de cualquier forma, de todas formas anyway, in any case;
    si lo hacemos de esta forma, acabaremos antes if we do it this way, we'll finish earlier;
    viajaremos en segunda, de esta forma recortaremos gastos we can travel second class, that way we'll keep the cost down;
    han organizado las conferencias de forma que haya diez minutos de intervalo entre ellas they've arranged the speeches in such a way that there's a ten-minute break between each one;
    llegaremos a las ocho, de forma que podamos comenzar temprano we'll be there by eight so (that) we can start early;
    dobla la camisa de forma que no se arruguen las mangas fold the shirt so (that) the sleeves don't get creased
    forma de pago method of payment
    3. [manifestación] form;
    la fotografía es una forma de arte photography is an art form
    4. [condición física] fitness;
    estar en forma to be fit;
    estar en baja/plena forma to be in poor/top shape;
    vuelvo a estar en plena forma I'm fully fit again;
    mantenerse/ponerse en forma to keep/get fit
    forma física physical fitness;
    en perfecta forma física in perfect (physical) shape
    5. [de equipo, artista] form;
    estar en forma to be on form;
    estar en baja/plena forma to be off form/on top form
    6.
    formas [silueta] figure, curves;
    7.
    formas [modales] manners, social conventions;
    guardar las formas to keep up appearances
    8. [horma, molde] mould
    9. Rel host;
    la Sagrada Forma the Holy Host
    10. Arte & Lit form;
    a este escritor le importa más la forma que el contenido this writer is more interested in form than content
    11. Ling form;
    en forma plural in the plural
    12. Méx [formulario] form
    * * *
    f
    1 form
    2 ( apariencia) shape;
    en forma de in the shape of;
    dar forma a algo shape sth
    3 ( manera) way;
    de forma que in such a way that;
    de todas formas in any case, anyway;
    de alguna forma, en cierta forma in a way;
    de ninguna forma not in the slightest, fam no way;
    no hay forma de que coma/estudie nothing will make him eat/study, it’s impossible to get him to eat/study
    4
    :
    formas pl proprieties;
    guardar las formas keep up appearances
    5
    :
    mantenerse en forma stay in shape
    6 Méx ( formulario) form
    * * *
    forma nf
    1) : form, shape
    2) manera, modo: manner, way
    3) : fitness
    estar en forma: to be fit, to be in shape
    4) formas nfpl
    : appearances, conventions
    * * *
    1. (contorno) shape
    ¿qué forma tiene? what shape is it?
    2. (manera) way
    de forma distinta in a different way / differently

    Spanish-English dictionary > forma

  • 10 trazar

    v.
    1 to draw, to trace.
    2 to draw up (plan, estrategia).
    * * *
    1 (línea, plano, dibujo) to draw, draw up
    2 (parque) to lay out; (edificio) to design
    3 (itinerario) to trace
    4 figurado (plan etc) to outline, draft
    1 figurado (describir) to sketch
    \
    trazar una semblanza de alguien figurado to describe somebody, depict somebody
    * * *
    verb
    2) plan, design
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=dibujar) [+ línea] to draw, trace; (Arte) to sketch, outline; (Arquit, Téc) to plan, design
    2) [+ fronteras, límites] to mark out; [+ itinerario] to plot; [+ desarrollo, política] to lay down, mark out
    3) (=explicar) to outline, describe
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < línea> to trace, draw; < plano> to draw < ruta> to plot
    b) (Arquit) <puente/edificio> to design
    2)
    a) <plan/proyecto/estrategia> to draw up, devise
    b) ( describir) to draw

    trazó una semblanza de la vida y obra del artista — he drew o sketched a picture of the life and work of the artist

    2.
    trazarse v pron (refl) (frml) < meta> to set oneself
    * * *
    = trace, plot, chart, draw.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado drew, participio drawn.
    Ex. Cleo Passantino produced a long sheet of graph paper with a sawtooth squiggle traced down the center of it.
    Ex. The technique 'Trend Projection' graphically plots future trends based on past experience.
    Ex. This article describes how Australia was depicted on early maps of the world charted by the Portuguese and Dutch seafarers from 1452 to the present day.
    Ex. At every instant the darkness of the line being drawn is made equal to the darkness of the point on the picture being observed by the photocell.
    ----
    * punta de trazar = scribe.
    * trazar con tiza = chalk.
    * trazar con una gráfica = graph.
    * trazar directrices = chart + direction.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.
    * trazar la trayectoria = chart + course.
    * trazar una curva de Algo = plot + Nombre + on a graph.
    * trazar una gráfica de Algo = plot + Nombre + on a graph.
    * trazar un círculo alrededor = circle.
    * trazar un mapa = map.
    * trazar un rumbo = chart + course.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < línea> to trace, draw; < plano> to draw < ruta> to plot
    b) (Arquit) <puente/edificio> to design
    2)
    a) <plan/proyecto/estrategia> to draw up, devise
    b) ( describir) to draw

    trazó una semblanza de la vida y obra del artista — he drew o sketched a picture of the life and work of the artist

    2.
    trazarse v pron (refl) (frml) < meta> to set oneself
    * * *
    = trace, plot, chart, draw.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado drew, participio drawn.

    Ex: Cleo Passantino produced a long sheet of graph paper with a sawtooth squiggle traced down the center of it.

    Ex: The technique 'Trend Projection' graphically plots future trends based on past experience.
    Ex: This article describes how Australia was depicted on early maps of the world charted by the Portuguese and Dutch seafarers from 1452 to the present day.
    Ex: At every instant the darkness of the line being drawn is made equal to the darkness of the point on the picture being observed by the photocell.
    * punta de trazar = scribe.
    * trazar con tiza = chalk.
    * trazar con una gráfica = graph.
    * trazar directrices = chart + direction.
    * trazar la evolución de = trace + the development of, trace + the evolution of.
    * trazar la evolución de Algo = chart + progress, chart + the history.
    * trazar la trayectoria = chart + course.
    * trazar una curva de Algo = plot + Nombre + on a graph.
    * trazar una gráfica de Algo = plot + Nombre + on a graph.
    * trazar un círculo alrededor = circle.
    * trazar un mapa = map.
    * trazar un rumbo = chart + course.

    * * *
    trazar [A4 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹línea› to trace, draw; ‹plano› to draw
    trazaron la ruta a seguir they traced out o plotted the route to be followed
    trazar el contorno de algo to outline sth, to sketch the outline of sth
    2 ( Arquit) ‹puente/edificio› to design
    B
    1 ‹plan/proyecto/estrategia› to draw up, devise
    2
    (describir): trazar un paralelo entre los dos casos to draw a parallel between the two cases
    trazó una semblanza de la vida y obra del artista he drew o sketched a picture of the life and work of the artist
    ( refl) ( frml); ‹meta› to set oneself
    * * *

    trazar ( conjugate trazar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ línea› to trace, draw;

    ‹ plano› to draw;

    trazar el contorno de algo to outline sth
    b) (Arquit) ‹puente/edificio› to design

    2 ‹plan/proyecto/estrategia› to draw up, devise
    trazar verbo transitivo
    1 (una línea, un dibujo) to draw
    2 (un plan) to draw up
    3 (describir a grandes rasgos) to sketch, outline
    ' trazar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bosquejar
    English:
    chart
    - compass
    - delineate
    - describe
    - draw
    - lay out
    - line
    - lineage
    - map
    - plot
    - retrace
    - rule
    - circle
    - outline
    - trace
    * * *
    trazar vt
    1. [línea] to draw, to trace;
    [plano, mapa] to draw; [ruta] to plot
    2. [plan, estrategia] to draw up;
    [objetivo] to set
    3. [describir]
    trazar las líneas generales del proyecto to give an outline of the project;
    trazó un dramático panorama de la situación she drew an alarming picture of the situation;
    trazar un paralelismo entre dos cosas to draw a parallel between two things
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( dibujar) draw
    2 ruta plot, trace
    3 ( describir) outline, describe
    * * *
    trazar {21} vt
    1) : to trace
    2) : to draw up, to devise
    3) : to outline, to sketch
    * * *
    trazar vb to draw [pt. drew; pp. drawn]

    Spanish-English dictionary > trazar

  • 11 ordeñador

    adj.
    ordering.
    m.
    computer (computing). (peninsular Spanish)
    pasar algo a ordenador to type something up on a wordprocessor o computer
    ordenador central mainframe computer
    ordenador personal personal computer
    ordenador portátil laptop computer
    ordenador de sobremesa desktop computer
    * * *
    1 ordering
    2 RELIGIÓN ordaining
    1 INFORMÁTICA computer
    \
    ordenador personal personal computer
    ————————
    1 INFORMÁTICA computer
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *

    ordenador analógico — analogue computer, analog computer (EEUU)

    ordenador portátil — [gen] portable computer; [pequeño] laptop computer

    * * *
    * * *
    Ex. A jury has awarded $22 million to 11 dairymen who were defrauded out of profits by the cooperative that sold their milk.
    * * *
    * * *
    = computer, computer equipment.

    Ex: In dialogues based on commands, the user enters his instructions as pre-set commands; the computer recognizes theses and takes appropriate action.

    Ex: In other cases, the capacity and performance of computer equipment prove to be the limiting factor, although continuing advances in fields like data networks, voice input and output, and computer vision keep pushing these limits further and further back.
    * aceptable por el ordenador = machine-processable.
    * adquisición por ordenador = computerised acquisition.
    * animación por ordenador = computer animation.
    * aprendizaje asistido por ordenador (CAL) = computer-assisted learning (CAL).
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * archivo de ordenador = computer file, machine-readable data file.
    * asignado por el ordenador = computer-assigned.
    * asignado por ordenador = machine-assigned.
    * asistido por el ordenador = machine-negotiated.
    * asistido por ordenador = computer-mediated, computer-supported, computer-assisted, computer-aided.
    * calculado por el ordenador = computer-calculated.
    * carrete de ordenador = computer reel.
    * cartucho de ordenador = computer cartridge.
    * casete de ordenador = computer cassette.
    * catálogo de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form catalogue.
    * componer tipográficamente por ordenador = computer typeset.
    * composición tipográfica por ordenador = computer typesetting.
    * comunicación entre ordenadores = computer-communication.
    * comunicación mediante el ordenador = computer mediated communication (CMC).
    * conexión entre ordenadores = computer link.
    * conferencia por ordenador = computer conferencing.
    * congreso mediante ordenador = computer-mediated conferencing.
    * congreso por ordenador = computer conference.
    * controlado por ordenador = computer-controlled.
    * creado por ordenador = computer-generated.
    * de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.
    * de ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * desplazamiento por medio del ordenador = computer commuting.
    * disco de ordenador = computer disc.
    * disco óptico de ordenador = computer optical disc.
    * diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) = computer-aided design (CAD).
    * elaborado por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced].
    * empresa de ordenadores = computer company.
    * emulación de terminales de ordenador = terminal emulation.
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador = computer-aided learning (CAL).
    * enseñanza asistida por ordenador (CAI) = computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
    * enseñanza por medio del ordenador (CBI) = computer-based instruction (CBI).
    * entre ordenadores = computer-to-computer.
    * estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.
    * estado del ordenador en línea = onlineness.
    * gestión de imágenes por ordenador = computer imaging.
    * gráficos por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * guardado en el ordenador = machine-stored.
    * hacer que sea procesable por el ordenador = render + machine-manipulatable.
    * imágenes por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * índice encuadernado de listado de ordenador = computer book form index.
    * interacción hombre-ordenador = human-computer interaction.
    * introducir datos en el ordenador = input.
    * introductor de datos en un ordenador = inputter.
    * juego de ordenador = computer game.
    * listado de ordenador = computer print-out.
    * listado encuadernado de ordenador = computer print-out book form, computer book.
    * MARS (Servicio de Referencia Asistido por Ordenador) = MARS (Machine Assisted Reference Service).
    * mecanógrafo de ordenador = keyboard operator.
    * mediante el ordenador = computer-mediated.
    * microforma producida por ordenador = COM (computer output microform).
    * miedo al ordenador = computer anxiety.
    * modelo por ordenador = computer model.
    * monitor de ordenador = CRT screen, CRT display screen.
    * ordenación por ordenador = computer filing.
    * ordenador central = central computer, host computer.
    * ordenador compatible = generic computer.
    * ordenador de bolsillo = palm-sized computer, palmtop, palmtop computer.
    * ordenador de mano = Palm Pilot.
    * ordenador de seguridad = firewall.
    * ordenador de sobremesa = desktop computer.
    * ordenador digital = digital computer.
    * Ordenadores Apple = Apple Computer.
    * ordenadores de uso público = PAWS (Public access workstations).
    * ordenador frontal = head-end computer.
    * ordenador personal = desktop computer, home computer.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * ordenador portátil = notebook computer, laptop, laptop computer.
    * ordenador trampa = honeypot.
    * orientado al ordenador = machine-oriented, computer-oriented.
    * paquete de programas de ordenador = software package.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * PC IBM (Ordenador personal IBM) = IBM-PC (IBM Personal Computer).
    * plataforma de ordenador = computing platform.
    * presentación mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * prestaciones del ordenador = computer's capabilities.
    * procesable por el ordenador = machine-manipulatable.
    * producido por ordenador = computer-produced [computer produced], machine-derived.
    * programa de ordenador = computer programme.
    * proyección mediante ordenador = computer projection.
    * reconocimiento de imágenes por el ordenador = computer vision.
    * red de ordenadores = computer network.
    * reinicializar un ordenador = reboot + computer.
    * simulación por ordenador = computer simulation.
    * tarjeta de ordenador = computer card.
    * tecnología del ordenador = computer technology.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * teleconferencia por ordenador = computer teleconferencing.
    * teleordenador = telecomputer.
    * terminal de ordenador = terminal, computer terminal.
    * tiempo durante el cual el ordenador no está disponible al público = down time.
    * tomografía por ordenador = computer tomography, computed tomography.
    * trabajo con ordenador = computer work.
    * traducción asistida por ordenador = computer-aided translation (CAT), computer-assisted translation (CAT).
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * utilizar al máximo por medio del ordenador = explode.
    * utilizar el ordenador = operate + computer.
    * volver a insertar en el ordenador = rekey [re-key].

    * * *
    ( Esp)
    computer
    Compuestos:
    central computer
    onboard computer
    palmtop
    palmtop
    ● ordenador de sobremesa or de mesa
    desktop computer
    home computer
    neural computer
    server
    personal computer
    portable computer; (más pequeño) laptop computer
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    ordenador    
    ordeñador
    ordenador sustantivo masculino (Esp) See Also→

    ordenador sustantivo masculino computer: estudia diseño asistido por ordenador, she's taking a class in computer-aided design (CAD); ordenador portátil, laptop computer

    ' ordenador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actualizar
    - cargarse
    - cerrar
    - colgarse
    - comprar
    - de
    - desarrollar
    - dichosa
    - dichoso
    - escribir
    - espaciador
    - ficha
    - garantía
    - inexperta
    - inexperto
    - manual
    - marchar
    - portátil
    - risa
    - sobremesa
    - teclado
    - teclear
    - terminar
    - uso
    - velocidad
    English:
    afford
    - CAD
    - computer
    - computer language
    - computer-assisted
    - data processor
    - delete
    - desktop
    - dinosaur
    - down
    - exclusively
    - function
    - good
    - innards
    - instruction
    - keep
    - key
    - laptop
    - longhand
    - notebook
    - pc
    - personal computer
    - printout
    - retrofit
    - upgrade
    - compatible
    - main
    - personal
    * * *
    Esp computer;
    pasar algo a ordenador to key sth up (on a computer)
    ordenador analógico analogue computer;
    ordenador de a bordo onboard computer;
    ordenador central central computer;
    ordenador compatible compatible computer;
    ordenador digital digital computer;
    ordenador doméstico home computer;
    ordenador personal personal computer;
    ordenador portátil laptop computer;
    ordenador de sobremesa desktop computer
    * * *
    m Esp
    INFOR computer;
    asistido por ordenador computer-aided
    * * *
    ordenador nm, Spain : computer
    * * *
    ordenador n computer

    Spanish-English dictionary > ordeñador

  • 12 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 13 Wolseley, Frederick York

    [br]
    b. 1837 Co. Dublin, Ireland
    d. 1899 England
    [br]
    Irish inventor who developed the first practical sheep shears and was also involved in the development of the car which bore his name.
    [br]
    The credit for the first design of sheep shears lies with James Higham, who patented the idea in 1868. However, its practical and commercial success lay in the work of a number of people, to each of whom Frederick Wolseley provides the connecting link.
    One of three brothers, he emigrated to Australia in 1854 and worked in New South Wales for five years. In 1867 he produced a working model of mechanical sheep shears, but it took a further five years before he actually produced a machine, whilst working as Manager of a sheep station in Victoria. In the intervening period it is possible that he visited America and Britain. On returning to Australia in 1872 he and Robert Savage produced another working model in a workshop in Melbourne. Four years later, by which time Wolseley had acquired the "Euroka" sheep station at Walgett, they tested the model and in 1877 acquired joint patent rights. The machine was not successful, and in 1884 another joint patent, this time with Robert Pickup, was taken out on a cog-gear universal joint. Development was to take several more years, during which a highly skilled blacksmith by the name of George Gray joined the team. It is likely that he was the first person to remove a fleece from a sheep mechanically. Finally, the last to be involved in the development of the shears was another Englishman, John Howard, who emigrated to Australia in 1883 with the intention of developing a shearing machine based on his knowledge of existing horse clippers. Wolseley purchased Howard's patent rights and gave him a job. The first public demonstration of the shears was held at the wool stores of Goldsborough \& Co. of Melbourne. Although the hand shearers were faster, when the three sheep that had been clipped by them were re-shorn using the mechanical machine, a further 2 lb (900 g) of wool was removed.
    Wolseley placed the first manufacturing order with A.P.Parks, who employed a young Englishman by the name of Herbert Austin. A number of improvements to the design were suggested by Austin, who acquired patents and assigned them to Wolseley in 1895 in return for shares in the company. Austin returned to England to run the Wolseley factory in Birmingham. He also built there the first car to carry the Wolseley name, and subsequently opened a car factory carrying his own name.
    Wolseley resigned as Managing Director of the company in 1894 and died five years later.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    F.Wheelhouse, 1966, Digging Stock to Rotary Hoe: Men and Machines in Rural Australia (provides a detailed account of Wolseley's developments).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Wolseley, Frederick York

  • 14 trabajar

    v.
    1 to work (en empleo, tarea) (hierro, barro, tierra).
    ¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?
    trabajar de/en to work as/in
    trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm
    ponerse a trabajar to get to work
    Ellos trabajan hoy They work today.
    Ellos trabajan la madera They work the wood.
    2 to act (Cine & Teatro).
    ¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!
    3 to sell, to stock (vender) (producto, género, marca).
    4 to work on or at.
    5 to run.
    Eso trabaja con gasolina That runs on gasoline.
    6 to operate.
    El condensador trabaja The condenser operates.
    7 to work out for.
    Me trabajó el diagrama The diagram worked out for me.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to work
    2 (en obra, película) to act, perform
    ■ ¿quién trabaja en la obra? who's in the play?
    3 figurado (soportar) to be under stress
    1 (materiales) to work (on)
    2 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on
    3 (la tierra) to till
    4 COCINA (pasta) to knead
    1 (idea, idioma, etc) to work on
    2 figurado (a alguien) to persuade
    \
    trabajar a alguien para que haga algo to talk somebody into doing something, try to persuade somebody to do something
    trabajar a destajo to do piecework
    trabajar como un,-a condenado,-a / trabajar como una bestia familiar to slave away
    trabajar de to be, work as
    trabajar de balde to work for nothing
    trabajar el hierro / trabajar la madera to work iron / work wood
    trabajar en balde familiar to work in vain
    trabajar por horas to be paid by the hour
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) [persona] to work

    • trabajar de algo — to work as sth

    • trabajar en algo, ¿en qué trabajas? — what's your job?

    ¿ha trabajado antes en diseño gráfico? — do you have any previous work experience in graphic design?

    • trabajar por horas — to work by the hour

    • trabajar jornada completa — to work full-time

    • trabajar por hacer algo, estamos trabajando por conseguir nuestros derechos — we are working towards getting our rights

    • trabajar a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    2) (=funcionar) [fábrica] to work; [máquina] to run, work

    • hacer trabajar, si quiere hacer trabajar su dinero llámenos — if you want to make your money work for you, give us a call

    3) [tierra, árbol] to bear, yield
    2. VT
    1) [+ tierra, cuero, madera] to work; [+ masa] to knead; [+ ingredientes] to mix in
    2) [+ detalle, proyecto] to work on; [+ mente] to exercise
    3) (Com) (=vender) to sell
    4) [+ caballo] to train
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( en empleo) to work

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo — to work full-time

    trabajar media jornada or (AmL) medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    ¿en qué trabajas? — what do you do (for a living)?

    trabaja en publicidad — she works o is in advertising

    trabajar DE or COMO algo — to work as something

    2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or (un) chino — to work like a slave

    3) ( actuar) to act, perform

    ¿quién trabaja en la película? — who are the actors o who's in the movie?

    4) (operar, funcionar) to work
    2.
    1)
    a) <campo/tierra> to work
    b) <madera/cuero> to work
    c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix
    2) <género/marca> to sell, stock
    3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    3.
    trabajarse v pron (fam)
    a) <premio/ascenso> to work for
    b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    * * *
    = function, work.
    Ex. The DOBIS/LIBIS allows both the library and the computer center to function efficiently and at a lower cost by sharing one system.
    Ex. He represents how much can be accomplished by someone who has worked from the outside.
    ----
    * acabar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * deslomarse trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * empezar a trabajar = take + job.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * hacer que Alguien trabaje exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.
    * mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.
    * ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * que trabajan para él = in its employ.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * trabajando = in post.
    * trabajando con ahínco = hard at work.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar Algo exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.
    * trabajar como persona en prácticas = intern.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * trabajar como residente = intern.
    * trabajar como una hormiguita = beaver away.
    * trabajar como un bellaco = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar como un loco = work off + Posesivo + shoes.
    * trabajar con = operate to, get into.
    * trabajar conjuntamente = work + back to back, interwork.
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * trabajar con tesón = work + hard.
    * trabajar de = serve as.
    * trabajar de aprendiz con Alguien = apprentice.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar de sol a sol = burn + the candle at both ends, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * trabajar duro = labour [labor, -USA], toil, slave away.
    * trabajar en = make + a life's work of.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajar estrechamente = work + closely together.
    * trabajar hacia atrás = work backward.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.
    * trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * trabajar juntos = work together, pull together.
    * trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar mejor = work + best.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * trabajar para = in the employ of, act for.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * trabajar por turnos = work on + a rota, work on + a rota system, work + shifts.
    * trabajar sin descanso = work off + Posesivo + shoes, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin preocupaciones = work along.
    * trabajar sin respiro = work at + full tilt.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( en empleo) to work

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo — to work full-time

    trabajar media jornada or (AmL) medio tiempo or (Esp) a tiempo parcial — to work part-time

    ¿en qué trabajas? — what do you do (for a living)?

    trabaja en publicidad — she works o is in advertising

    trabajar DE or COMO algo — to work as something

    2) (en tarea, actividad) to work

    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or (un) chino — to work like a slave

    3) ( actuar) to act, perform

    ¿quién trabaja en la película? — who are the actors o who's in the movie?

    4) (operar, funcionar) to work
    2.
    1)
    a) <campo/tierra> to work
    b) <madera/cuero> to work
    c) < masa> ( con las manos) to knead, work; ( con tenedor) to mix
    2) <género/marca> to sell, stock
    3) (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    4) (fam) ( intentar convencer) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    3.
    trabajarse v pron (fam)
    a) <premio/ascenso> to work for
    b) (enf) (fam) < persona> to work on (colloq)
    * * *
    = function, work.

    Ex: The DOBIS/LIBIS allows both the library and the computer center to function efficiently and at a lower cost by sharing one system.

    Ex: He represents how much can be accomplished by someone who has worked from the outside.
    * acabar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * deslomarse trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * empezar a trabajar = take + job.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * familia en la que los dos miembros trabajan = two-parent working family.
    * forma de trabajar = working practice, work practice, business model.
    * hacer que Alguien trabaje exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * matarse trabajando = work + Reflexivo + to death, work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.
    * mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.
    * ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.
    * ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * que trabajan para él = in its employ.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando una limitación = work (a)round + limitation, work (a)round + constraints.
    * seguir trabajando aceptando un defecto = work (a)round + shortcoming.
    * seguir trabajando así = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * terminar de trabajar = clock off + work.
    * trabajando = in post.
    * trabajando con ahínco = hard at work.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.
    * trabajar a distancia = telecommute.
    * trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar a horas intespestivas = work + unsocial hours.
    * trabajar Algo exhaustivamente = work + Nombre + to death.
    * trabajar al propio ritmo de Uno = work at + Posesivo + own pace.
    * trabajar a partir de = work forward.
    * trabajar como persona en prácticas = intern.
    * trabajar como prostituta en la calle = work + the streets.
    * trabajar como residente = intern.
    * trabajar como una hormiguita = beaver away.
    * trabajar como un bellaco = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar como un loco = work off + Posesivo + shoes.
    * trabajar con = operate to, get into.
    * trabajar conjuntamente = work + back to back, interwork.
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * trabajar con tesón = work + hard.
    * trabajar de = serve as.
    * trabajar de aprendiz con Alguien = apprentice.
    * trabajar de día y de noche = work + day and night.
    * trabajar de sol a sol = burn + the candle at both ends, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar día y noche = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * trabajar duro = labour [labor, -USA], toil, slave away.
    * trabajar en = make + a life's work of.
    * trabajar en colaboración = team, interwork.
    * trabajar en colaboración (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en común = interwork, pull together.
    * trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.
    * trabajar en grupo = team.
    * trabajar en grupo (con) = team up (with).
    * trabajar en red = network.
    * trabajar estrechamente = work + closely together.
    * trabajar hacia atrás = work backward.
    * trabajar hacia delante = work forward.
    * trabajar hasta caer muerto = work + Reflexivo + to the ground, work + Reflexivo + to death.
    * trabajar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * trabajar horas extraordinarias = work + overtime.
    * trabajar horas extras = work + overtime.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * trabajar juntos = work together, pull together.
    * trabajar las veinticuatro horas del día = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar mejor = work + best.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * trabajar noche y día = work + day and night.
    * trabajar para = in the employ of, act for.
    * trabajar por debajo de su potencia ideal = underload.
    * trabajar por turnos = work on + a rota, work on + a rota system, work + shifts.
    * trabajar sin descanso = work off + Posesivo + shoes, work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin parar = work (a)round + the clock.
    * trabajar sin preocupaciones = work along.
    * trabajar sin respiro = work at + full tilt.

    * * *
    trabajar [A1 ]
    vi
    A (en un empleo) to work
    empiezo a trabajar mañana I start work tomorrow
    ¿a qué hora entras a trabajar ? what time do you start work?
    el lunes no se trabaja Monday is a holiday
    trabajar por su cuenta or por cuenta propia to be self-employed
    los que trabajamos jornada completa or a tiempo completo those of us who work full-time
    trabajar fuera (de casa) or ( AmL) trabajar afuera to go out to work
    trabajar en las minas/en el campo to work in o down the mines/on the land
    trabaja para una compañía extranjera she works for a foreign company
    trabajan a jornal fijo they are paid a fixed daily rate
    trabaja bien aunque le falta experiencia she does her job well o she's a good worker although she lacks experience
    los ponían a trabajar desde niños they were sent out to work from an early age
    trabajar EN algo:
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?, what line are you in?, what sort of work do you do?
    trabaja en publicidad she works in o she is in advertising
    trabajar DE or COMO algo to work AS sth
    trabaja de camarero por las noches he works as a waiter in the evenings
    B (en una tarea, actividad) to work
    deja de perder el tiempo y ponte a trabajar stop wasting time and start doing some work o get working
    voy a ir a trabajar un poco a la biblioteca I'm going to go and do some work in the library
    trabajó mucho he worked hard
    nos han tenido trabajando todo el día they've kept us (hard) at it all day ( colloq)
    trabajar EN algo to work ON sth
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel
    trabajamos en la búsqueda de una solución we are working on o working to find a solution
    trabajar EN CONTRA DE/ POR algo:
    trabajamos en contra de la aprobación de la ley we are working to prevent o we are trying to stop the law being passed
    siempre ha trabajado por la paz she has always worked for peace o to promote peace
    trabajar como una bestia or un negro or un enano or un chino ( fam); to work like a slave, to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to slog one's guts out ( BrE colloq)
    C (actuar) to act, perform
    ¿quién trabaja en la película? who's in the movie?, who are the actors in the movie?
    ella trabaja muy bien she's a very good performer o actress o she's very good
    trabajó en una película de Saura he was in one of Saura's films
    D
    (operar, funcionar): la empresa trabaja a pérdida the company is running o operating at a loss
    la fábrica está trabajando a tope the factory is working o operating at full capacity
    tienen mucha maquinaria ociosa, sin trabajar they have a lot of spare machinery standing idle
    los motores trabajan al máximo al despegar the engines work o operate o run at full throttle during take off
    haga trabajar su dinero make your money work for you
    hemos logrado que las mareas trabajen para nosotros we have succeeded in harnessing the tides
    el tiempo trabaja en contra nuestra/en nuestro favor time is (working) against us/is on our side
    un problema que hace trabajar el cerebro a problem which exercises the mind
    ■ trabajar
    vt
    A
    1 ‹masa› (con las manos) to knead, work; (con un tenedor) to mix
    2 ‹madera/cuero/oro› to work
    3 ‹campo/tierra› to work
    B ‹género/marca› to sell, stock
    C (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    hay que trabajar la escena final we must work on the last scene
    tengo que trabajarlo un poco más I have to work on it a bit more o do some more work on it
    D ( fam) (intentar convencer) to work on ( colloq)
    ( fam)
    1 ‹premio/ascenso› to work for
    2 ( enf) ( fam); ‹persona› to work on ( colloq)
    todavía me lo estoy trabajando I'm still working on him
    * * *

     

    trabajar ( conjugate trabajar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en general) to work;

    trabajar jornada completa or a tiempo completo to work full-time;
    trabajar media jornada to work part-time;
    trabajar mucho to work hard;
    ¿en qué trabajas? what do you do (for a living)?;
    estoy trabajando en una novela I'm working on a novel;
    trabajar DE or COMO algo to work as sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, perform;
    ◊ ¿quién trabaja en la película who's in the movie?

    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹campo/tierra/madera› to work


    2 (perfeccionar, pulir) to work on
    trabajar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to work: trabaja de secretaria, she works as a secretary
    trabaja en los astilleros, she works in the shipyard
    trabaja bien, he's a good worker
    2 Cine (actuar) to act: en esta película trabaja mi actriz favorita, my favourite actress is in this movie
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (pulir, ejercitar, estudiar) to work on: tienes que trabajar más el estilo, you have to work on your style
    2 (la madera) to work
    (un metal) to work
    (la tierra) to work, till
    (cuero) to emboss
    2 (comerciar) to trade, sell: nosotros no trabajamos ese artículo, we don't stock that item
    ' trabajar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ánimo
    - bestia
    - bregar
    - cuenta
    - equipo
    - hecha
    - hecho
    - herniarse
    - hormiguita
    - pausa
    - por
    - señorito
    - seria
    - serio
    - vida
    - aunque
    - balde
    - bartola
    - burro
    - campo
    - chequeo
    - clandestinidad
    - comisión
    - deber
    - demasiado
    - deprisa
    - desgana
    - desmayo
    - destajo
    - duro
    - exceder
    - exceso
    - firme
    - grupo
    - huevada
    - ir
    - jornada
    - jornal
    - junto
    - justificar
    - mucho
    - noche
    - rápido
    - servir
    - sistema
    English:
    act
    - agree
    - attuned to
    - away
    - beaver away
    - bone
    - branch out
    - burn
    - bustle
    - clock
    - cut out
    - done
    - dungarees
    - entitlement
    - exercise
    - expect
    - face
    - finger
    - fit
    - flag
    - for
    - free
    - get down to
    - graft
    - habit
    - hard
    - hindrance
    - keep at
    - knock off
    - knuckle down
    - labour
    - mad
    - mean
    - midnight
    - model
    - must
    - nonstop
    - object
    - often
    - overwork
    - pack up
    - plod
    - probation
    - pull together
    - ridesharing
    - set
    - settle down
    - shift
    - slave
    - slog
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [tener un empleo] to work;
    no trabajes tanto you shouldn't work so hard;
    trabajar a tiempo parcial/completo to work part time/full time;
    ¿de qué trabaja? what does she do (for a living)?;
    trabaja de o [m5] como taxista he's a taxi driver, he works as a taxi driver;
    trabajar de autónomo to be self-employed;
    trabajar de voluntario to do voluntary work;
    trabajar en una empresa to work for a firm;
    trabaja en personal she works in personnel;
    trabaja para una multinacional she works for a multinational;
    trabajar por horas to work by the hour;
    trabajar por cuenta propia/ajena to be self-employed/an employee;
    Am
    trabajar afuera to work outside the home;
    Am
    trabajar en casa to work at o from home
    2. [realizar una tarea] to work;
    tiene que trabajar más si quiere aprobar she has to work harder if she wants to pass;
    ponerse a trabajar to get to work;
    está trabajando en un nuevo guión he's working on a new script;
    trabajamos mucho con empresas japonesas we do a lot of business with Japanese companies
    3. [actor] to act;
    trabajaba en “Vértigo” she was in “Vertigo”;
    ¡qué bien trabajan todos! the acting is really good!
    4. [funcionar] to work;
    la central nuclear trabaja ya a pleno rendimiento the nuclear power station is now operating at maximum capacity;
    los pulmones son los que trabajan it demands a lot of your lungs;
    hacer trabajar una máquina to load a machine;
    hacer trabajar un músculo to exercise a muscle
    ♦ vt
    1. [hierro, barro, madera, cuero] to work;
    [la tierra, el campo] to work; [masa] to knead
    2. [vender] [producto, género, marca] to sell, to stock;
    sólo trabajamos esta marca we only sell o stock this brand
    3. [mejorar] to work on o at;
    debes trabajar la pronunciación you need to work on o at your pronunciation;
    trabajar los músculos to build up one's muscles
    4. Fam [convencer]
    trabajar a alguien (para que haga algo) to work on sb (to get them to do sth)
    * * *
    I v/i work;
    trabajar de camarero work as a waiter
    II v/t work; tema, músculos work on;
    trabajar media jornada work part-time
    * * *
    1) : to work
    trabaja mucho: he works hard
    trabajo de secretaria: I work as a secretary
    2) : to strive
    trabajan por mejores oportunidades: they're striving for better opportunities
    3) : to act, to perform
    trabajar en una película: to be in a movie
    1) : to work (metal)
    2) : to knead
    3) : to till
    4) : to work on
    tienes que trabajar el español: you need to work on your Spanish
    * * *
    trabajar vb to work
    ¿de qué trabajas? what do you do?

    Spanish-English dictionary > trabajar

  • 15 Paul, Robert William

    [br]
    b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, England
    d. 28 March 1943 London, England
    [br]
    English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.
    [br]
    Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.
    In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.
    Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.
    Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.
    Bibliography
    17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).
    1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.
    308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).
    John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    BC / GW

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Robert William

  • 16 Tideman, Bruno Joannes

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 7 August 1834 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    d. 11 February 1883 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch naval architect and constructor, early hydrodyna midst.
    [br]
    The first thirty years of Tideman's life followed the normal pattern for a naval architect: study at the Breda Military Academy, work in the Royal Dockyards of Vlissingen as a constructor and then experience in the United Kingdom "standing by" an armoured vessel being built for the Dutch at Birkenhead. Tideman took the opportunity to acquaint himself with current developments in British shipyards and to study the work of Macquorn Rankine at Glasgow University.
    On his return to the Netherlands he was given the task of adapting the Royal Dockyard of Amsterdam for ironclad construction and from 1870 iron ships were built there. From 1868 until 1873 he taught shipbuilding at what was then the Delft Polytechnic, but resigned on his appointment as Chief Naval Constructor of Holland.
    Through representations to appropriate authority he assisted in founding the great shipyard Koninklijke Maatschappij "De Schelde" and in the setting up of Dutch ferry services across the North Sea. His interest in ship design and in the pioneering work of William Froude led to the founding of the world's second ship model test tank in 1876 in a sheltered part of the Royal Amsterdam Dockyard. The design was based on Froude's Torquay Tank.
    As Scotland's first tank was not opened until 1883, he attracted work from the Clyde, including the testing of the Russian Imperial Yacht Livadia built by Elder's of Glasgow. This contract was so critical that it was agreed that a quartersize model be tested on Loch Lomond. Throughout his life he was respected as an all-round engineer and consultancy work flowed in, the vast bulk of it from Britain. Continual trying to improve standards, Tideman was working on a development plan for Dutch shipbuilding at the time of his death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.M.Dirkzwager, 1970, Bruno Joannes Tideman 1834–1883. Grondlegger van de Moderne Scheepsbouw in Nederland, Leiden.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Tideman, Bruno Joannes

  • 17 casa

    f.
    1 house (edificio).
    ser de andar por casa to be simple o basic (sencillo)
    echar o tirar la casa por la ventana (figurative) to spare no expense
    empezar la casa por el tejado to put the cart before the horse
    casa Blanca White House
    casa de campo country house
    casa particular private house
    casa Rosada = Argentinian presidential palace (en Argentina)
    casa solariega ancestral home, family seat
    casa unifamiliar = house (usually detached) on an estate
    2 home.
    en casa at home
    ¿está tu hermano en casa? is your brother at home?
    buscar casa to look for somewhere to live
    cambiarse o mudarse de casa to move (house)
    ir a casa to go home
    pásate por mi casa come round to my place
    3 family (familia).
    casa real royal family
    ¡invita la casa! it's on the house!
    especialidad/vino de la casa house specialty/wine
    casa de apuestas betting shop
    casa de citas brothel
    casa de comidas = cheap restaurant serving simple meals
    casa discográfica record company
    casa de empeño pawnshop
    ¡esto es una casa de locos! (figurative) this place is a madhouse!
    casa de socorro first-aid post
    5 home (sport).
    jugar en casa to play at home
    jugar fuera de casa to play away (from home)
    el equipo de casa the home team
    6 business.
    7 CASA, Summit of the Americas Welcoming Committee.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: casar.
    * * *
    1 (vivienda) house
    2 (piso) flat
    3 (edificio) building
    4 (hogar) home
    5 (familia) family
    6 (linaje) house
    7 (empresa) firm, company
    \
    buscar casa to go house-hunting
    caerse la casa encima figurado not to be able to stand being in the house
    como Pedro por su casa figurado as if he (she, you, etc) owned the place
    de andar por casa (ropa) for wearing around the house 2 (procedimiento, arreglo) rough, makeshift
    echar la casa por la ventana / tirar la casa por la ventana figurado to spare no expense, push the boat out
    empezar la casa por el tejado figurado to put the cart before the horse
    hacer la casa familiar to do the housework
    jugar en casa DEPORTE to play at home
    llevar la casa figurado to run the house
    no parar en casa to never be at home
    no salir de casa not to go out
    pasar por casa to come round, come over
    poner casa to set up house
    ser muy de casa figurado to be home-loving
    casa de comidas eating house
    casa de huéspedes boarding house
    casa de juego gambling house
    casa de modas fashion house
    casa de pisos block of flats
    casa de socorro first aid post
    casa matriz / casa principal COMERCIO head office, central office
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) home
    4) firm, company
    * * *
    SF ABR Esp
    = Construcciones Aeronáuticas, S.A.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( vivienda) house
    b) ( hogar) home

    a los 18 años se fue de casa or (AmL) de la casa — she left home at 18

    no está nunca en casa or (AmL) en la casa — he's never (at) home

    ¿estarás en casa esta tarde? — will you be at home o in this afternoon?

    ¿por qué no pasas por casa or (AmL) por la casa? — why don't you drop in o by?

    lo invito a cenar a su casa de usted — (Méx) please come over to dinner

    vivo en Lomas 38, su casa de usted — (Méx) I live at number 38 Lomas, where you will always be most welcome

    de or para andar por casa — < vestido> for wearing around the house; <definición/terminología> crude, rough

    se me/se le vino la casa encima — the bottom fell out of my/her world

    como Pedro por su casa — as if you/he/she owned the place (colloq)

    como una casa — (fam)

    una mentira como una casa — a whopping great lie (colloq), a whopper (colloq)

    echar or tirar la casa por la ventana — to push the boat out

    empezar la casa por el tejado — to put the cart before the horse

    en la casa de la Guayaba (Méx fam) — miles away (colloq)

    ser muy de su casa — ( hogareño) to be very homeloving; ( hacendoso) to be very houseproud

    en casa del herrero, cuchillo de palo — the shoemaker's son always goes barefoot

    2) (Com)
    a) ( empresa) company, firm (BrE)
    b) (bar, restaurante)

    especialidad de la casa — house specialty (AmE), speciality of the house (BrE)

    3) ( dinastía) house
    4)
    a) (Dep)
    b) (Jueg) home
    •
    * * *
    = home, house, household, townhouse [town-house], home front.
    Ex. It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.
    Ex. Qualifiers function as an integral part of the index terms, so that terms of the form 'Moving ( House)', 'Mergers (Industrial)' are created and used.
    Ex. For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    Ex. In comparing the residential experiences of single-family dwelling inhabitants with those living in townhouses, duplexes, & apartments, only apartment dwellers seem to experience adverse effects.
    Ex. The ongoing threat of terrorist attacks on North American soil and assets abroad, have brought asymmetric warfare to the home front.
    ----
    * alfabetización en casa = family literacy.
    * ama de casa = housewife [housewives, -pl.], homemaker, housekeeper.
    * amo de casa = homemaker.
    * artículos de la casa = household goods.
    * asuntos de la casa, los = home affairs.
    * banco en casa = home banking.
    * barrer para casa = look after + number one, feather + Posesivo/the + nest.
    * bata de casa = housedress.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * casa adosada = terrace(d) house, terrace(d) home, townhouse [town-house], semidetached house, duplex, duplex house.
    * casa alquilada = house let.
    * casa ancestral = ancestral home.
    * Casa Blanca, la = White House, the.
    * casa comercial = house.
    * casa consistorial = civic hall.
    * casa de acogida = shelter home, foster home.
    * casa de beneficiencia = almshouse.
    * casa de campo = holiday home, country residence.
    * casa de empeño = pawnshop, hock shop [hockshop].
    * casa de huéspedes = guesthouse [guest house], bed and breakfast (B&B).
    * casa de ladrillos de adobe = mud-brick house.
    * casa de la moneda = mint.
    * casa de la playa = beach house.
    * casa del guarda = lodge.
    * casa de locos = lunatic asylum, madhouse, bedlam.
    * casa de los locos = asylum, mental asylum, madhouse.
    * casa del párroco = parsonage house, parsonage.
    * casa de madera = log house, wood house.
    * casa de maternidad = maternity home.
    * casa de muñecas = doll's house.
    * casa de oficios = vocational school.
    * casa de pisos = tenement, apartment block, apartment building, apartment complex.
    * casa de placer = house of pleasure, house of pleasure.
    * casa de putas = brothel, bawdy house [bawdyhouse].
    * casa de té = teahouse.
    * casa de tres plantas = three-storeyed house.
    * casa de troncos de madera = log house.
    * casa de vacaciones = vacation home.
    * casa de veraneo = holiday home.
    * casa editorial = publishing house.
    * casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.
    * casa móvil = mobile home.
    * casa pareada = duplex, duplex house.
    * casa parroquial = parsonage house, parsonage.
    * casa particular = private home.
    * casa piloto = show home, show house.
    * casa prefabricada = manufactured home, prefabricated house.
    * casa proveedora = components supplier.
    * casa remolque = mobile home.
    * casa rural = farmhouse.
    * casa rústica = cottage.
    * casa señorial = manor house, stately home.
    * casa social = community house.
    * casa solariega = ancestral home, country house, stately home, manor house.
    * cine en casa = home theatre, home cinema.
    * cocinero de casa = home cook.
    * comer en casa = eat in.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * compra desde casa = armchair shopping.
    * confinado a la casa = housebound [house-bound].
    * construcción de casas = building construction.
    * dueño de la casa = householder.
    * el enemigo en casa = the enemy within.
    * empezar la casa por el tejado = tail wagging the dog.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * enseñanza escolar en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * equipo de casa = home team.
    * equipo de casa, el = home side, the.
    * escolarización en casa = homeschool, homeschooling [home schooling].
    * escolarizar en casa = homeschool.
    * especialidad de la casa, la = house specialty, the.
    * estar en casa = be in.
    * esterilla de la entrada de la casa = welcome mat.
    * estilo de la casa = house style.
    * fuera de la casa = out-of-home.
    * hacer que Algo se haga en casa = bring + Nombre + in-house.
    * hecho en casa = homespun, homemade.
    * hora de volver a casa = curfew.
    * imposibilitado para salir de casa = housebound [house-bound], homebound [home-bound].
    * ir a casa de = make + house calls.
    * irse a casa = go + home.
    * irse de casa = leave + home.
    * joven que huye de su casa = runaway.
    * lejía de casa = household bleach.
    * llave de la casa = house key.
    * llegar a casa = get + home.
    * llegar tarde a casa = stay out + late.
    * llevar a casa = bring + home.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * menú de la casa = set menu.
    * mudarse de casa = move + house.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * partido que se juega en casa = home game.
    * partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.
    * personas confinadas a permanecer en casa por cualquier impedimento, las = housebound, the.
    * personas que no pueden salir de casa = homebound, the.
    * pisar + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.
    * poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.
    * poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.
    * poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.
    * quedarse a dormir en la casa de un amigo = sleepover.
    * quedarse dentro de casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse en casa = stay + indoors.
    * quehaceres de la casa = housework.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * regresar a casa = go + home again.
    * regreso a casa = homecoming, journey home.
    * revolver toda la casa = turn + the house upside down.
    * ropa de casa = loungewear.
    * ropa de estar en casa = loungewear.
    * salir de casa = leave + home.
    * segunda casa = second home.
    * seguro de la casa = home insurance.
    * sentirse como en casa = feel + at home, feel like + home (away) from home.
    * tirar la casa por la ventana = lash out (on), go to + town on.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.
    * trabajador desde casa = homeworker.
    * trabajos de la casa = housework.
    * traer a casa = bring + back home.
    * vender de casa en casa = peddle.
    * volver a casa = go + home again.
    * volver la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.
    * volver tarde a casa = stay out + late.
    * vuelta a casa = homecoming, journey home.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( vivienda) house
    b) ( hogar) home

    a los 18 años se fue de casa or (AmL) de la casa — she left home at 18

    no está nunca en casa or (AmL) en la casa — he's never (at) home

    ¿estarás en casa esta tarde? — will you be at home o in this afternoon?

    ¿por qué no pasas por casa or (AmL) por la casa? — why don't you drop in o by?

    lo invito a cenar a su casa de usted — (Méx) please come over to dinner

    vivo en Lomas 38, su casa de usted — (Méx) I live at number 38 Lomas, where you will always be most welcome

    de or para andar por casa — < vestido> for wearing around the house; <definición/terminología> crude, rough

    se me/se le vino la casa encima — the bottom fell out of my/her world

    como Pedro por su casa — as if you/he/she owned the place (colloq)

    como una casa — (fam)

    una mentira como una casa — a whopping great lie (colloq), a whopper (colloq)

    echar or tirar la casa por la ventana — to push the boat out

    empezar la casa por el tejado — to put the cart before the horse

    en la casa de la Guayaba (Méx fam) — miles away (colloq)

    ser muy de su casa — ( hogareño) to be very homeloving; ( hacendoso) to be very houseproud

    en casa del herrero, cuchillo de palo — the shoemaker's son always goes barefoot

    2) (Com)
    a) ( empresa) company, firm (BrE)
    b) (bar, restaurante)

    especialidad de la casa — house specialty (AmE), speciality of the house (BrE)

    3) ( dinastía) house
    4)
    a) (Dep)
    b) (Jueg) home
    •
    * * *
    = home, house, household, townhouse [town-house], home front.

    Ex: It is recommended for a variety of applications, amongst which are records of suppliers, staff, household possessions and so on, and is likely to find users in both the home and business worlds.

    Ex: Qualifiers function as an integral part of the index terms, so that terms of the form 'Moving ( House)', 'Mergers (Industrial)' are created and used.
    Ex: For the two-car family, living in the countryside can present few problems, but most households are not in such an advantageous position.
    Ex: In comparing the residential experiences of single-family dwelling inhabitants with those living in townhouses, duplexes, & apartments, only apartment dwellers seem to experience adverse effects.
    Ex: The ongoing threat of terrorist attacks on North American soil and assets abroad, have brought asymmetric warfare to the home front.
    * alfabetización en casa = family literacy.
    * ama de casa = housewife [housewives, -pl.], homemaker, housekeeper.
    * amo de casa = homemaker.
    * artículos de la casa = household goods.
    * asuntos de la casa, los = home affairs.
    * banco en casa = home banking.
    * barrer para casa = look after + number one, feather + Posesivo/the + nest.
    * bata de casa = housedress.
    * cambiarse de casa = move + house.
    * casa adosada = terrace(d) house, terrace(d) home, townhouse [town-house], semidetached house, duplex, duplex house.
    * casa alquilada = house let.
    * casa ancestral = ancestral home.
    * Casa Blanca, la = White House, the.
    * casa comercial = house.
    * casa consistorial = civic hall.
    * casa de acogida = shelter home, foster home.
    * casa de beneficiencia = almshouse.
    * casa de campo = holiday home, country residence.
    * casa de empeño = pawnshop, hock shop [hockshop].
    * casa de huéspedes = guesthouse [guest house], bed and breakfast (B&B).
    * casa de ladrillos de adobe = mud-brick house.
    * casa de la moneda = mint.
    * casa de la playa = beach house.
    * casa del guarda = lodge.
    * casa de locos = lunatic asylum, madhouse, bedlam.
    * casa de los locos = asylum, mental asylum, madhouse.
    * casa del párroco = parsonage house, parsonage.
    * casa de madera = log house, wood house.
    * casa de maternidad = maternity home.
    * casa de muñecas = doll's house.
    * casa de oficios = vocational school.
    * casa de pisos = tenement, apartment block, apartment building, apartment complex.
    * casa de placer = house of pleasure, house of pleasure.
    * casa de putas = brothel, bawdy house [bawdyhouse].
    * casa de té = teahouse.
    * casa de tres plantas = three-storeyed house.
    * casa de troncos de madera = log house.
    * casa de vacaciones = vacation home.
    * casa de veraneo = holiday home.
    * casa editorial = publishing house.
    * casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.
    * casa móvil = mobile home.
    * casa pareada = duplex, duplex house.
    * casa parroquial = parsonage house, parsonage.
    * casa particular = private home.
    * casa piloto = show home, show house.
    * casa prefabricada = manufactured home, prefabricated house.
    * casa proveedora = components supplier.
    * casa remolque = mobile home.
    * casa rural = farmhouse.
    * casa rústica = cottage.
    * casa señorial = manor house, stately home.
    * casa social = community house.
    * casa solariega = ancestral home, country house, stately home, manor house.
    * cine en casa = home theatre, home cinema.
    * cocinero de casa = home cook.
    * comer en casa = eat in.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * compra desde casa = armchair shopping.
    * confinado a la casa = housebound [house-bound].
    * construcción de casas = building construction.
    * dueño de la casa = householder.
    * el enemigo en casa = the enemy within.
    * empezar la casa por el tejado = tail wagging the dog.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * encontrar casa = find + a home.
    * encontrarse en casa = be in.
    * enseñanza escolar en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * equipo de casa = home team.
    * equipo de casa, el = home side, the.
    * escolarización en casa = homeschool, homeschooling [home schooling].
    * escolarizar en casa = homeschool.
    * especialidad de la casa, la = house specialty, the.
    * estar en casa = be in.
    * esterilla de la entrada de la casa = welcome mat.
    * estilo de la casa = house style.
    * fuera de la casa = out-of-home.
    * hacer que Algo se haga en casa = bring + Nombre + in-house.
    * hecho en casa = homespun, homemade.
    * hora de volver a casa = curfew.
    * imposibilitado para salir de casa = housebound [house-bound], homebound [home-bound].
    * ir a casa de = make + house calls.
    * irse a casa = go + home.
    * irse de casa = leave + home.
    * joven que huye de su casa = runaway.
    * lejía de casa = household bleach.
    * llave de la casa = house key.
    * llegar a casa = get + home.
    * llegar tarde a casa = stay out + late.
    * llevar a casa = bring + home.
    * llevarse los problemas a casa = bring + problems home.
    * menú de la casa = set menu.
    * mudarse de casa = move + house.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * partido que se juega en casa = home game.
    * partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.
    * personas confinadas a permanecer en casa por cualquier impedimento, las = housebound, the.
    * personas que no pueden salir de casa = homebound, the.
    * pisar + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.
    * poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.
    * poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.
    * poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.
    * quedarse a dormir en la casa de un amigo = sleepover.
    * quedarse dentro de casa = stay + indoors.
    * quedarse en casa = stay + indoors.
    * quehaceres de la casa = housework.
    * que trabaja desde casa = home-based.
    * realización de los estudios escolares en casa = homeschooling [home schooling].
    * regresar a casa = go + home again.
    * regreso a casa = homecoming, journey home.
    * revolver toda la casa = turn + the house upside down.
    * ropa de casa = loungewear.
    * ropa de estar en casa = loungewear.
    * salir de casa = leave + home.
    * segunda casa = second home.
    * seguro de la casa = home insurance.
    * sentirse como en casa = feel + at home, feel like + home (away) from home.
    * tirar la casa por la ventana = lash out (on), go to + town on.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.
    * trabajador desde casa = homeworker.
    * trabajos de la casa = housework.
    * traer a casa = bring + back home.
    * vender de casa en casa = peddle.
    * volver a casa = go + home again.
    * volver la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.
    * volver tarde a casa = stay out + late.
    * vuelta a casa = homecoming, journey home.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.

    * * *
    Casa Amarilla (↑ casa a1), Casa Rosada (↑ casa aa1)
    A
    1 (vivienda) house
    está buscando casa she's looking for somewhere to live
    cambiarse or mudarse de casa to move, move house
    todavía no nos han ofrecido la casa they still haven't invited us to see the house
    casa or casita del perro caseta f 3. (↑ caseta)
    2 (hogar) home
    a los 18 años se fue de casa or ( AmL) de la casa she left home at 18
    no está nunca en casa or ( AmL) en la casa he's never (at) home
    ¿por qué no pasas por casa or ( AmL) por la casa? why don't you drop in o by?
    voy a preguntar en casa or ( AmL) en la casa I'll ask at home
    está en su casa make yourself at home
    lo invito a cenar a su casa de usted ( Méx); please come over to dinner
    ¿dónde vive? — en Lomas 38, su casa de usted ( Méx); where do you live? — at number 38 Lomas, where you will always be most welcome
    no soy de la casa I don't live here
    decidió poner casa en Toledo she decided to go and live in Toledo
    le ha puesto casa a su querida he's set his mistress up in a house ( o an apartment etc)
    los padres les ayudaron a poner la casa their parents helped them to set up house
    de andar or para andar por casa ‹vestido› house ( before n), for wearing around the house;
    ‹definición/terminología› crude, rough
    caérsele or venírsele a algn la casa encima: cuando no aprobó el examen se le vino la casa encima when she failed the exam, the bottom fell out of her world o her whole world came crashing down around her ears
    como Pedro or Perico or Pepe por su casa as if you/he/she owned the place ( colloq)
    como una casa ( fam): una mentira como una casa a whopping great lie ( colloq), an out-and-out lie
    un error grande como una casa a glaring o terrible mistake
    echar or tirar or ( Ven) botar la casa por la ventana to push the boat out
    para la boda de su hija tiró la casa por la ventana he spared no expense o he really went overboard o he really pushed the boat out for his daughter's wedding
    empezar la casa por el tejado to put the cart before the horse
    en la casa de la Guayaba ( fam) or ( vulg) de la chingada ( Méx); miles away ( colloq)
    ser muy de su casa (hogareño) to be very homeloving, be a real homebody ( AmE) o ( BrE) homelover; (hacendoso) to be very houseproud
    en casa del herrero, cuchillo de palo or ( Col) azadón de palo the shoemaker's son always goes barefoot
    cada uno en su casa y Dios en la de todos each to his own and God watching over everyone
    B ( Com)
    1 (empresa) company, firm ( BrE)
    la casa Mega lanzó ayer su último modelo Mega launched their latest model yesterday
    2
    (bar, restaurante): vino de la casa house wine
    especialidad de la casa house specialty ( AmE), speciality of the house ( BrE)
    invita la casa it's on the house
    es un obsequio de la casa with the compliments of the management
    C (dinastía) house
    la casa de los Borbones the House of Bourbon
    D
    1 ( Dep):
    Wanderers perdió en casa Wanderers lost at home
    los de casa juegan de amarillo the home team are in yellow
    2 ( Jueg) home
    E ( Astrol) house
    Compuestos:
    semi-detached/terraced house
    (en CR, Ven) Presidential Palace
    White House
    head office, headquarters ( sing o pl)
    clubhouse
    town hall
    ( Chi) (reformatorio) reformatory ( for girls) ( AmE), young offenders' institution ( for girls) ( BrE); (cárcel) women's prison
    police station ( including living quarters)
    children's home
    refuge
    (CS) maisonette
    ( Méx) boardinghouse, rooming house ( AmE)
    bathhouse, baths (pl)
    children's home
    bureau de change
    country house, house in the country
    ( RPl) apartment house o building ( AmE), block of flats ( BrE)
    House of God
    record company
    (CS) (universidad) university, college; (facultad) faculty
    (en algunos países) Presidential Palace
    boardinghouse, rooming house ( AmE)
    ( RPl) tenement house
    A ( Fin) mint
    B (en Chi) Presidential Palace
    ( ant); brothel
    ( fam); madhouse ( colloq)
    House of God
    ( Chi) reformatory ( AmE), young offenders' institution ( BrE)
    fashion house
    dollhouse ( AmE), doll's house ( BrE)
    lunatic asylum
    tenement house ( Esp)
    coaching inn
    ( vulg); whorehouse ( vulg)
    ● casa de reposo or salud
    (CS) nursing home, convalescent home
    first-aid post
    ( AmL) brothel
    ( Méx) tenement house
    tenement house
    record company
    publishing house
    house boat
    ( Chi) dwelling
    head office, headquarters ( sing o pl)
    (Col, Méx) casa piloto
    model home ( AmE), show house ( BrE)
    brothel
    Royal Household
    refuge o hostel for battered women
    (CS, Ven) mobile home, trailer ( AmE), caravan ( BrE)
    (en Arg) Presidential Palace
    ( Esp); holiday cottage
    ancestral home
    * * *

     

    Del verbo casar: ( conjugate casar)

    casa es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    casa    
    casar
    casa sustantivo femenino
    1


    casita del perro kennel;
    casa adosada or pareada semi-detached o terraced house;
    Ccasa Blanca White House;
    casa de acogida refuge;
    casa de huéspedes boardinghouse;
    casa de socorro first-aid post;
    casa de vecinos or (Méx) de vecindad tenement house;
    Ccasa Real Royal Household;
    casa refugio refuge o hostel for battered women;
    casa rodante (CS) trailer (AmE), caravan (BrE)
    b) ( hogar) home;

    a los 18 años se fue de casa or (AmL) de la casa she left home at 18;
    no está nunca en casa or ( AmL) en la casa he's never (at) home;

    ¿por qué no pasas por casa or (AmL) por la casa? why don't you drop in?;
    de or para andar por casa ‹ vestido› for wearing around the house;

    ‹definición/terminología› crude, rough;
    echar or tirar la casa por la ventana to push the boat out
    2
    a) ( empresa) company, firm (BrE);


    casa de cambios bureau de change
    b) (bar, restaurante):


    invita la casa it's on the house
    3 (Dep):

    casar ( conjugate casar) verbo transitivo [cura/juez] to marry
    verbo intransitivo

    [ piezas] to fit together;
    [ cuentas] to match, tally
    b) ( armonizar) [colores/estilos] to go together;

    casa con algo to go well with sth
    casarse verbo pronominal
    to get married;

    se casó con un abogado she married a lawyer;
    casase en segundas nupcias to marry again, to remarry
    casa sustantivo femenino
    1 (edificio) house ➣ Ver nota en chalet
    2 (hogar) home: vete a casa, go home
    estábamos en casa de Rosa, we were at Rosa's
    hay mucha gente que no tiene casa, there are a lot of homeless people
    3 (empresa) company, firm
    casa matriz, head office
    4 (estirpe) la casa de los Austria, the House of Habsburg
    5 casa de empeños, pawnshop
    casa de huéspedes, boarding house
    familiar casa de locos, madhouse
    casa de socorro, first aid post
    casa de la villa, town hall
    ♦ Locuciones: tengo que salir a pasear, si no, se me cae la casa encima, I've got to go out for a walk or this house is going to drive me up the wall
    familiar como Pedro por su casa, as if I/you/he owned the place
    de andar por casa, (ropa) everyday
    (explicación) crude, rough
    no parar en casa, to be on the go
    tirar la casa por la ventana, to roll out the red carpet
    casar
    I verbo transitivo (unir en matrimonio) to marry
    (dar en matrimonio) to marry (off): casó muy bien a sus dos hijos, she successfully married off her two sons
    II verbo intransitivo (encajar) to match, go o fit together: las cuentas no le casan, he can't make the figures balance, figurado things don't seem to be right to him

    ' casa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - abstraerse
    - acercar
    - acoger
    - acogedor
    - acogedora
    - acuerdo
    - adosada
    - adosado
    - afuera
    - agencia
    - ajena
    - ajeno
    - alquilar
    - alquiler
    - ama
    - amañarse
    - amo
    - ampliación
    - andar
    - antirrobo
    - arriba
    - así
    - ático
    - atusar
    - aviar
    - barrer
    - bata
    - benjamín
    - benjamina
    - bienvenida
    - bienvenido
    - borde
    - cabida
    - cacho
    - calentar
    - cambiar
    - camino
    - cara
    - cargar
    - carpintería
    - casera
    - casero
    - chalet
    - cocina
    - comedor
    - comedora
    - consentir
    - convivir
    English:
    address
    - advantage
    - agent
    - amenities
    - ancestral
    - anyone
    - appraisal
    - appreciate
    - approximately
    - around-the clock
    - as
    - ask round
    - at
    - attractive
    - back
    - be
    - bed
    - before
    - below
    - better
    - big
    - blast away
    - bleak
    - boarding house
    - body
    - bookshelf
    - break into
    - built-in
    - burglar alarm
    - burglarize
    - burglary
    - busline
    - bustle
    - buyer
    - call
    - caller
    - care
    - caretaker
    - clean up
    - come out
    - congregate
    - convenience
    - cottage
    - curious
    - customary
    - cut out
    - daily
    - dear
    - decorate
    - design
    * * *
    casa nf
    1. [edificio] house;
    [apartamento] Br flat, US apartment;
    vivo en una casa de tres plantas my house has got three floors;
    vivimos en una casa de alquiler we live in rented accommodation;
    buscar casa to look for somewhere to live;
    cambiarse o [m5] mudarse de casa to move (house);
    de casa en casa house-to-house;
    se le cae la casa encima [se deprime] it's the end of the world for him;
    Fam
    como una casa [enorme] massive;
    dijo un disparate como una casa he made a totally ludicrous remark;
    una mentira como una casa a whopping great lie;
    un fuera de juego como una casa a blindingly obvious offside;
    echar o [m5] tirar la casa por la ventana to spare no expense;
    para comprarse un coche tan caro, tiró la casa por la ventana he spared no expense when he bought that car;
    empezar la casa por el tejado to put the cart before the horse
    casa adosada Br terraced house, US row house;
    casa de altos Am salvo RP [edificio] multistorey building;
    CSur, Perú [casa de arriba] upstairs Br flat o US apartment;
    casa de apartamentos Br block of flats, US apartment building;
    Casa Blanca [en Estados Unidos] White House;
    casa de campo country house;
    casa y comida board and lodging;
    Esp casa cuartel [de la Guardia Civil] = police station also used as living quarters by Guardia Civil; Arg casa de departamentos Br block of flats, US apartment building; Am casa habitación residential building; RP casa de inquilinato = communal dwelling where poor families each live in a single room and share bathroom and kitchen with others;
    casa de labor farmhouse;
    casa de labranza farmhouse;
    Méx casa llena:
    con casa llena [en béisbol] with the bases loaded;
    Casa de la Moneda [en Chile] = Chile's presidential palace;
    casa de muñecas Br doll's house, US dollhouse;
    casa natal: [m5] la casa natal de Goya the house where Goya was born;
    casa parroquial priest's house, presbytery;
    casa piloto show house;
    casa de postas posthouse, inn;
    RP casa rodante Br caravan, US trailer;
    Casa Rosada [en Argentina] = Argentinian presidential palace;
    casa semiadosada semi-detached house;
    casa solariega ancestral home, family seat;
    casa unifamiliar = house, usually detached, on an estate;
    casa de vecindad tenement house
    2. [hogar] home;
    bienvenido a casa welcome home;
    en casa at home;
    ¿está tu hermano en casa? is your brother at home?;
    me quedé en casa leyendo I stayed at home and read a book;
    en casa se cena pronto we have dinner early at home;
    estar de casa to be casually dressed;
    unas zapatillas de ir por casa slippers for wearing around the house;
    pásate por (mi) casa come round, come over to my place;
    ir a casa to go home;
    irse de casa to leave home;
    me fui de casa a los dieciséis años I left home at sixteen;
    franquear la casa a alguien to open one's home to sb;
    generalmente es la mujer la que lleva la casa it's usually the woman who runs the household;
    no para en casa he's hardly ever at home;
    no tener casa ni hogar to be homeless;
    ponte como en tu casa, estás en tu casa make yourself at home;
    sin casa homeless;
    había varios sin casa durmiendo a la intemperie there were several homeless people sleeping rough;
    hemos recogido a un niño sin casa we've taken in a child from a broken home;
    Esp
    quiere poner casa en Valencia she wants to go and live in Valencia;
    sentirse como en casa to feel at home;
    ser (uno) muy de su casa to be a homebody;
    Fam
    como Pedro por su casa: entra y sale como Pedro por su casa she comes in and out as if she owns the place;
    todo queda en casa: nadie se enterará de tu despiste, todo queda en casa no one will find out about your mistake, we'll keep it between ourselves;
    el padre y el hijo dirigen el negocio, así que todo queda en casa the business is run by father and son, so it's all in the family;
    Esp Fam
    los unos por los otros y la casa sin barrer everybody said they'd do it and nobody did;
    Esp Fam
    esto parece la casa de tócame Roque everyone just does whatever they want in here, it's like Liberty Hall in here;
    cada uno en su casa, y Dios en la de todos = you should mind your own business;
    en casa del herrero cuchillo de palo the shoemaker's wife is always worst shod
    casa mortuoria home of the deceased;
    casa paterna parental home
    3. [familia] family;
    [linaje] house;
    procede de una de las mejores casas de la ciudad she comes from one of the most important families in the city
    Hist la casa de Austria the Hapsburgs; Hist la casa de Borbón the Bourbons;
    casa real royal family
    4. [establecimiento] company;
    este producto lo fabrican varias casas this product is made by several different companies;
    por la compra de un televisor, la casa le regala una radio buy a television and we'll give you a radio for free;
    ¡invita la casa! it's on the house!;
    especialidad/vino de la casa house speciality/wine
    casa de apuestas bookmaker's, Br betting shop; Méx casa de asistencia boarding house;
    casa de banca banking house;
    Com casa central head office;
    casa de citas brothel;
    casa de comidas = cheap restaurant serving simple meals;
    casa discográfica record company;
    casa editorial publishing house;
    casa de empeño pawnshop;
    casa de empeños pawnshop;
    casa exportadora exporter;
    casa de huéspedes Br ≈ guesthouse, US ≈ rooming house;
    casa importadora importer;
    casa de lenocinio house of ill repute;
    Com casa matriz [de empresa] head office; [de grupo de empresas] parent company;
    casa pública brothel;
    muy Fam casa de putas whorehouse;
    casa de subastas auction house, auctioneer's;
    Am casa de tolerancia brothel
    5. [institución, organismo] RP casa bancaria savings bank;
    casa de baños public bathhouse;
    Fin casa de cambio Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;
    casa de caridad poorhouse;
    casa consistorial Br town o US city hall;
    casa de correos post office;
    casa cuna [orfanato] foundling home;
    [guardería] nursery;
    casa de Dios house of God;
    CSur casa de estudios educational establishment; Am casa de gobierno = workplace of the head of state, governor, mayor etc;
    casa de locos madhouse;
    Fig
    ¡esto es una casa de locos! this place is a madhouse!;
    casa de la moneda [fábrica] mint;
    casa del pueblo = village social club run by local council;
    casa rectoral rectory;
    casa regional = social club for people from a particular region (in another region or abroad);
    casa religiosa [de monjas] convent;
    [de monjes] monastery; RP casa de reposo rest home; RP casa de salud rest home;
    casa del Señor house of God;
    casa de socorro first-aid station o Br post;
    casa de la villa town hall
    6. CSur
    las casas [en estancia, hacienda] the farmstead
    7. Dep home;
    jugar en casa to play at home;
    jugar fuera de casa to play away (from home);
    el equipo de casa the home team
    8. [en juegos de mesa] home
    9. [casilla de ajedrez, damas] square
    10. casa celeste [en astrología] house
    CASA ROSADA
    Casa Rosada (the “pink house”) in Buenos Aires, is the name of the Argentinian Presidential Palace. Its pink colour was originally chosen (for an earlier building) by president Domingo Sarmiento (1868-74) to represent a combination between the two feuding political traditions of nineteenth century Argentina – red for the Federalists and white for the Unitarians. Argentina's presidents have addressed the people from the balcony of the palace, but the most famous orator to use it was Evita Peron, so there was a huge controversy when film director Alan Parker obtained permission to use the balcony when filming his musical “Evita” in 1997, with Madonna in the title role.
    * * *
    f
    1 house;
    como una casa fam huge fam ;
    comenzar la casa por el tejado fig put the cart before the horse;
    tirar la casa por la ventana spare no expense;
    se me cayó la casa encima fig the bottom fell out of my world
    2 DEP
    :
    jugar en casa play at home;
    jugar fuera de casa play away, play on the road
    3 ( hogar) home;
    en casa at home;
    estás en tu casa make yourself at home;
    de andar por casa ropa for (wearing) around the house; fig: arreglo makeshift;
    llevar la casa run the home;
    ser muy de su casa be a real home-lover;
    todo queda en casa everything stays in the family
    * * *
    casa nf
    1) : house, building
    2) hogar: home
    3) : household, family
    4) : company, firm
    5)
    echar la casa por la ventana : to spare no expense
    * * *
    casa n
    1. (en general) house
    2. (hogar) home
    3. (empresa) company

    Spanish-English dictionary > casa

  • 18 padecer

    v.
    1 to endure, to undergo (sufrimiento).
    padecer inundaciones/un terremoto to be hit by floods/an earthquake
    2 to suffer.
    padecer del corazón/riñón to suffer from a heart/kidney complaint
    padeció mucho por sus hijos she suffered a lot for the sake of her children
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 to suffer
    1 (sufrir) to suffer (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    2. VT
    1) (=sufrir) to suffer
    2) (=aguantar) [+ malos tratos, adversidades] to endure, put up with
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <enfermedad/hambre> to suffer from; <desgracias/injusticias/privaciones> to suffer, undergo
    2.
    padecer vi to suffer
    * * *
    = experience, suffer, strike, face.
    Ex. If facilities like these are not supported by the data base design, the users of the system will experience slow response times.
    Ex. Since the introduction of computer-based indexing systems alphabetical indexing languages have become more prevalent, and UDC has suffered a reduction in use.
    Ex. The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex. Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    ----
    * bebé que padece de cólicos = colicky baby, colicky infant.
    * padecer de = suffer from.
    * padecer de cólicos = be colicky.
    * padecer del síndrome de abstinencia = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.
    * padecer enfermedad = get + Enfermedad, suffer from + condition.
    * padecer hambre = suffer from + hunger.
    * padecer recortes = experience + cutbacks.
    * padecer tensión = experience + stress.
    * que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.
    * recién nacido que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <enfermedad/hambre> to suffer from; <desgracias/injusticias/privaciones> to suffer, undergo
    2.
    padecer vi to suffer
    * * *
    = experience, suffer, strike, face.

    Ex: If facilities like these are not supported by the data base design, the users of the system will experience slow response times.

    Ex: Since the introduction of computer-based indexing systems alphabetical indexing languages have become more prevalent, and UDC has suffered a reduction in use.
    Ex: The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    * bebé que padece de cólicos = colicky baby, colicky infant.
    * padecer de = suffer from.
    * padecer de cólicos = be colicky.
    * padecer del síndrome de abstinencia = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.
    * padecer enfermedad = get + Enfermedad, suffer from + condition.
    * padecer hambre = suffer from + hunger.
    * padecer recortes = experience + cutbacks.
    * padecer tensión = experience + stress.
    * que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.
    * recién nacido que padece de cólicos = colicky newborn.

    * * *
    padecer [E3 ]
    vt
    ‹enfermedad/hambre› to suffer from; ‹injusticias/desgracias/privaciones› to suffer, undergo
    el país está padeciendo una crisis económica sin precedentes the country is suffering o going through an unprecedented economic crisis
    ■ padecer
    vi
    to suffer padecer DE algo to suffer FROM sth
    padecía de los nervios I had trouble with my nerves, my nerves were bad
    padece del corazón he has heart trouble, he suffers with his heart
    * * *

    padecer ( conjugate padecer) verbo transitivo ‹enfermedad/hambre› to suffer from;
    ‹desgracias/injusticias/privaciones› to suffer, undergo
    verbo intransitivo
    to suffer;
    padecer DE algo to suffer from sth;

    padecer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (una enfermedad) to suffer from: padece una extraña enfermedad, he suffers from a strange illness
    2 (soportar) to endure: tiene que padecer a su marido, she has to put up with her husband
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (de un mal funcionamiento) padece del hígado, he suffers from liver trouble
    2 (sufrir) to suffer: ha padecido mucho en la vida, he has suffered a lot in his life

    ' padecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adolecer
    - castigar
    - tener
    - pasar
    English:
    climate
    - suffer
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sufrimiento] to endure, to undergo;
    [hambre, injusticia] to suffer; [enfermedad] to suffer from;
    padecer inundaciones/un terremoto to be hit by floods/an earthquake
    2. Formal [error, confusión]
    padece usted un error you are mistaken, you are labouring under a misapprehension
    ♦ vi
    to suffer;
    padecer del corazón/riñón to suffer from o to have a heart/kidney complaint;
    padeció mucho por sus hijos she suffered a lot for the sake of her children
    * * *
    I v/t suffer
    II v/i suffer;
    padecer de have trouble with;
    padecer del estómago/corazón have stomach/heart trouble
    * * *
    padecer {53} vt
    : to suffer, to endure
    padecer vi adolecer
    padecer de : to suffer from
    * * *
    padecer vb to suffer from

    Spanish-English dictionary > padecer

  • 19 Sutton, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1819 England
    d. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands
    [br]
    English photographer and writer on photography.
    [br]
    In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.
    In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.
    In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.
    JW / BC

    Biographical history of technology > Sutton, Thomas

  • 20 Ferguson, Harry

    [br]
    b. 4 November 1884 County Down, Ireland
    d. 25 October 1960 England
    [br]
    Irish engineer who developed a tractor hydraulic system for cultivation equipment, and thereby revolutionized tractor design.
    [br]
    Ferguson's father was a small farmer who expected his son to help on the farm from an early age. As a result he received little formal education, and on leaving school joined his brother in a backstreet workshop in Belfast repairing motor bikes. By the age of 19 he had built his own bike and began hill-climbing competitions and racing. His successes in these ventures gained useful publicity for the workshop. In 1907 he built his own car and entered it into competitions, and in 1909 became the first person in Britain to build and fly a machine that was heavier than air.
    On the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed by the Irish Department of Agriculture to supervise the operation and maintenance of all farm tractors. His experiences convinced him that even the Ford tractor and the implements available for it were inadequate for the task, and he began to experiment with his own plough designs. The formation of the Ferguson-Sherman Corporation resulted in the production of thousands of the ploughs he had designed for the Ford tractor, but in 1928 Ford discontinued production of tractors, and Ferguson returned to Ireland. He immediately began to design his own tractor. Six years of development led to the building of a prototype that weighed only 16 cwt (813kg). In 1936 David Brown of Huddersfield, Yorkshire, began production of these tractors for Ferguson, but the partnership was not wholly successful and was dissolved after three years. In 1939 Ferguson and Ford reached their famous "Handshake agreement", in which no formal contract was signed, and the mass production of the Ford Ferguson system tractors began that year. During the next nine years 300,000 tractors and a million implements were produced under this agreement. However, on the death of Henry Ford the company began production, under his son, of their own tractor. Ferguson returned to the UK and negotiated a deal with the Standard Motor Company of Coventry for the production of his tractor. At the same time he took legal action against Ford, which resulted in that company being forced to stop production and to pay damages amounting to US$9.5 million.
    Aware that his equipment would only operate when set up properly, Ferguson established a training school at Stoneleigh in Warwickshire which was to be a model for other manufacturers. In 1953, by amicable agreement, Ferguson amalgamated with the Massey Harris Company to form Massey Ferguson, and in so doing added harvesting machinery to the range of equipment produced. A year later he disposed of his shares in the new company and turned his attention again to the motor car. Although a number of experimental cars were produced, there were no long-lasting developments from this venture other than a four-wheel-drive system based on hydraulics; this was used by a number of manufacturers on occasional models. Ferguson's death heralded the end of these developments.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary DSc Queen's University, Belfast, 1948.
    Further Reading
    C.Murray, 1972, Harry Ferguson, Inventor and Pioneer. John Murray.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Ferguson, Harry

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